The New World in which you establish your colonies is the newlydiscovered Americas. You are the Viceroy of the New World for one of Europe's power nations. Colonization gives you the opportunity to change how history plays itself out. You set the policies, you make the plans, you choose what is important and what is not in running what will hopefully first be a successful network of colonies and eventually a new country.

Once you have settled on your preferred pre-game options including difficulty level -- Discoverer, Explorer, Conquisdator, Governor or Viceroy -- you are ready to take the imperial plunge.

COLONIES

These serve as the hubs of activity of your operations in the Americas. Their inhabitants work the surrounding land to grow food, harvest cash crops of cotton, sugar cane and tobacco, to mine ore and silver, and to trap beaver. They can also work nearby waters for fish in underground banks and reefs. Each colony is also home to a small cottage industry supplying processed goods including cloth, cigars and rum in small quantities. As it grows in population, it can support (and indeed need) more and more buildings.

Trade: Once your colonists have established a cottage industry that produces enough food to sustain colonial life, and have learned to grow cash crops, you can begin to build an economy. To do this, you must trade with your home country. The market sets the prices of goods and commodities, and if you flood the market you’ll see prices fall. You must be careful, then, to create a balanced economy. As your colonial treasury grows and your people learn more and more skills, you can convert what has been a cottage industry into a much larger production machine.

Taxation: Your King sees your colonies as a mere extension of his personal domain and as a source of revenues to support his international activities. From time to time, he increases your tax rate, enabling him to take more profit from your trade. He may also increase taxes whenever his government intervenes upon your behalf.

As Viceroy of the New World, you control the activities of all the colonists from your nation. You decide where they move, what they explore, where they build settlements, what they build inside the settlements, and so on. Each of your people has a skill — or the potential to gain a skill — that can be valuable to you and your empire, if you use it wisely. Deciding whom to give what skills, and where to employ them is a major part of Colonization. Not only do you decide where your people work, you also determine what job they do. It is usually wise to let skilled people do what they do best, although sometimes this is not possible, and sometimes it is not advisable. You must decide year-to-year how best to utilize your people resources.

In addition, by combining your people's skills with other resources like horses, tools, and muskets, you can create colonists with special abilities and powers. Mounting a colonist on horseback creates a scout who can range far and wide gathering information about the New World and carrying news of your arrival. Giving a colonist tools creates a pioneer unit that can build roads, clear woods, and plow the land to make it yield its produce more efficiently. If you give your people muskets they become soldiers that can defend your hard-won foothold in the New World, expand the might of your new nation, and break free from tyranny.

GIVING ORDERS

Each turn you give orders to your colonists, ships, wagon trains, and artillery one at a time. Collectively, they are called units. You have several options with each unit: you may move it (up to the limit of its movement allowance), skip it and move it later in the turn, or have it do nothing at all this turn. In addition, you may give some units orders to build roads, plow fields, clear woods, or attack enemies. Units may also fortify themselves or go on sentry duty.

AUTOMATING TRADE

Transport units, wagons and ships can be assigned to operate on trade routes. This allows you to to turn the responsibility of a continuous and repetitive trade arrangement over to your subordinates. Trade routes are most advantageous when you have commodities in one colony that will be shipped to another continually over an extended period. Alternatively, you can arrange for a ship to travel back and forth from your ports to Europe, picking up and selling cargoes that you specify.

Settlements are the centers of commerce and government for your colonial empire. They are areas where several families build dwellings and shops in an attempt to establish a self-sustaining community. A colony must produce enough food to feed its inhabitants and, to grow, must have a reliable source of lumber out of which to fashion buildings and improvements.

As a settlement grows it can become a manufacturing or a shipping center for trade with the Old World. It can become a center for agricultural productivity and population growth or a link in a chain of commerce. It can become a flash point in the struggle for independence from the Crown. You decide what shape your empire will take, and what goals it will pursue. But whatever you decide, your settlements are the pistons that drive the colonial engine. Be careful when choosing settlement sites because the surrounding terrain will, to a large extent, determine the character of the new colony. Very soon after establishing a settlement, you’ll probably want to produce some cash crops or resources. Make sure your colony is adjacent to proper terrain for these purposes.

PLACING COLONIES

It is important to consider carefully where to place your colonies because success in the game is highly dependent upon where your settlements are. Try to put them in areas that will provide enough food to support the type of colony you have in mind. After choosing what nation to play as, the second decision faced by the player is where to put the first colony. There really is no hard and fast rule on where to build it, but there are some hard and fast guidelines on where not to put it. Considering the types of crops that can be grown in the area and look for abundant metal resources for future production of weapons and tools is only part of the analysis.

Here is a recommendation from an uncredited Colonization player:

Regardless of what nationality you represent and how ‘independence minded’ you are, the bonds that bind you to your home country are strong and enduring. Your home country supplies you with people to populate the New World, ships to get them there, goods to trade with the aboriginals as well as muskets, tools, and other provisions that allow your colonies to exist in the early years. However, this relationship is not without price.

The King wants to profit from your endeavors. He will charge exorbitant prices for seemingly indispensable skills and military equipment. He will tax your colonies in order to gain revenue for the Crown, and he’ll get you into unwanted wars with your rivals.

EUROPEAN ECONOMY

The prices of goods and commodities in Europe fluctuate throughout the game. The forces that drive the economy are many and varied. Each nation’s economy responds to the trade it is receiving from its colonies, but it also responds to the economies of other nations. The primary factor is the amount of trade in each commodity. In other words, the more of a particular item sold in Europe, the lower the price drops. If there is little trading activity in a particular good or commodity, then the price rises. The economy is strictly supply driven.

To some extent, the prices in your home country are affected by trading activity in other ports of Europe. Therefore, if you can corner the market on an item that other powers are not trading, you can get rich fast. But since you cannot count on chance, it is to your advantage to remain flexible in your production capability, so you can switch from one item to another as easily as possible.

Aside from the details of growing your economy and expanding your population, you also have to contend with other European colonists and with natives. The cultures that the European invasion of the Americas forced into contact couldn’t have been more different.

Generally speaking, the Amerindians had a long-standing, deeply-rooted respect for nature and viewed themselves as an integral part of the ecosystem. Some of the concepts that Europeans found basic to society such as “ownership” and “progress” meant little or were interpreted in totally different ways by these American natives. The vast differences which separated Amerindians from Europeans created misunderstandings that would flash into violent confrontations. Looking back, the friction seems inevitable— everything the European needed to grow and prosper (in his way of thinking), the aboriginal needed to maintain. Europeans were consumers, the natives, conservers.

TRIBES

None of the aboriginal tribes are human player controlable. They are all controlled by the game's Artifical Intelligence (AI). They are three different categories of native tribes: nomadic (Apache, Sioux, Tupi), woods-dwellers (Arawak, Cherokee, Iroquois) and city-dwellers (Aztec and Inca). They are represented by teepees, long-houses and pyramids or terraced stone buildings respectively.

Each tribe consists of several settlements scattered over an area of the map. A settlement is the dwelling place of several braves that patrol the map nearby. Cities are much better defended than the other native settlements because of the large populations that dwell there. In addition, cities are wealthier than other settlement types -- according to European standards -- and are therefore much more likely to yield large treasures if captured. Villages are not as populated as cities, but are still quite well defended. Camps are poorly defended.

Aside from the details of growing your economy and expanding your population, you also have to contend with other European colonists and with natives. The cultures that the European invasion of the Americas forced into contact couldn’t have been more different.

The competing Europeans have, for the most part, interests in common with your own. Like you, they want to establish profitable trade arrangements, expand their colonial empires, and build a viable society in the New World. Conflicts often develop over valuable resource deposits like silver mines, prime commodity lands, or ore deposits. In some cases too, there are conflicting land grants and charters. In addition to these issues, there are a host of purely European conflicts that date back through the generations and occasionally erupt into warfare that spills from Old World to New. In short, the behavior of both natives and Europeans can, at times, seem chaotic due to the complex societies from which it springs.

All four European powers depicted in Colonization can be controlled by a human player. To help distinguish them from more than just name alone, each has their ows advantages and characteristics that they bring to the Imperial Age within the game. Each of these advantages and characteristics have basis in fact which is considered historically accurate.

NATIONS

The Dutch, English, French and Spanish competed for New World dominance, When the dust settled, only the British and Spanish remained. There are still French-speaking peoples in North America today, notably Louisian the Canadian province of Quebec which is home to the world's greatest concentration of Frenchmen outside of France. Colonization gives you the opportunity to change all of this.

Every one of your European rivals will attempt to dominate the Americas, to establish a monopoly on the valuable trade coming in and out of American waters. As you operate your colonial concerns, you will encounter foreign vessels on the high seas and sometimes even in waters you consider your own. Rival Europeans aggressively attempt to colonize the entire area of the New World through whatever means available. If they sense weakness in your attitude or deployment, they are likely to take advantage of that and attack your forces. They attempt to capture your colonies and force allegiance to their rule upon the population.

To achieve dominance in the New World, your rivals will use their naval and ground forces in a variety of ways to interrupt the smooth flow of your commerce.

The goal of Colonization is independence from the Crown. This is not an easy task. All the growth, planning, building, manufacturing, and exploration you’ve engaged in throughout the game will be tested by fire. You must withstand the onslaught of the Crown, and defeat his forces in war before your nation has the right to call itself sovereign.

INCREASING TENSIONS

As your colonial government improves and becomes responsive to the needs of its citizenry, the mother country begins to be perceived as the source of problems. The Crown is continually raising taxes -- for what appear to be whimsical purposes -- so that trade with the mother country is no longer as profitable for the colonies. The King’s share increases while the colonial share decreases.

The growth and development of your government aids in your cause. As your colonies grow and your people work on creating government institutions, leaders emerge to help in the struggle. These “Founding Fathers” join the Continental Congress. A growing sense of independence and community in the colonists themselves aids the cause, making the people more productive and able. When half (50%) of your people feel a sense of urgency about severing the ties to the mother country, you may declare your independence!

TAXATION AND BOYCOTT
At the beginning of the game, the King of your home country is happy to support your efforts at colonization free of charge, but as time goes by, he’ll want a larger and larger cut of the profits. The primary method by which the King exacts payment is through the implementation of taxes. After all, he granted you the right to settle the New World, he supplied the initial funding and materials, and when you need naval support... who offers you the use of frigates and galleons?

The King announces all tax increases and tells you the reason for imposing each new tax. The King always seems to have a reason for tax increases, but you may tire of them. Whenever he increases your tax rate, some of your people may rise up, expressing opposition to taxation without representation. You are given a choice of submitting to the new tax, or demonstrating against the Crown. If you demonstrate, by throwing some of your cargo into the sea and refusing to pay the new tax, rebel sentiment will increase but you will no longer be able to buy or sell that item in your home port until you pay all back taxes accumulated during the boycott.

Once Jakob Fugger joins your Continental Congress, the Crown no longer remembers the anti-taxation “parties” you had, regardless of how many commodities you threw into the sea. You may once again trade the boycotted items, even if you never paid your back taxes.

One uncredited player recommends that [i]f you have started your first colony near one of the other powers (especially the Dutch), turn your first colonist into a statesman. The reasoning is two-fold: first, you acquire your first Founding Father quickly and second, you will reach the critical 50% Sons of Liberty number very quickly. As this same player notes, [t]his will immediately eliminate the weakest colonial power from the new world. Early in the game the odds are decent that you will eliminate the Dutch (assuming you're not playing them). Because of their economic advantage they are seldom the power to be eliminated if you wait until later to reach 50%. [..] [I]n any event you will now only have to deal with [two] rival powers rather than [three].

The order in which you work towards gaining the following Founder Fathers and in what order is open to much debate. One strategy offered is by the uncredited player first quoted above: Minuit, Cortez, De Soto, Franklin and Drake. His or her reasoning is simple: money. For more on why this is so, watch for his notes (highlighted in this colour) that appear in each of their entries.

The following is a list of all the Founding Fathers that can be in your Continental Congress. A short biographical sketch and summary of the effects of each is also included.

TRADE

Francisco de Coronado (1510-1554): A Spanish Conquistador, he led the first European expedition into the American southwest. He was the first “white man” to observe the Grand Canyon, and the Pueblos of New Mexico.

Coronado was a great and careful organizer and scout so when he joins your Congress, all colonies currently on the map are exposed, including the area immediately surrounding them.

The four European powers available for play in Colonization are the ones that had the greatest and longest-lasting influence on the New World: England, France, Holland, and Spain. Says the game's developer/publisher MicroPROSE (MPS), [i]f we had included a fifth nation, we probably would have chosen Portugal. Although Portugal's influence was larger than the Netherland’s, Portugal fell under Spanish rule for much of the time covered by the game and its policies and circumstances were very similar to Spain's.

These four major powers first looked across the Atlantic Ocean for a passage to Asia that would allow direct trade for spices, silk, and other valuable items, and avoid Arab middlemen. On the eve of the discovery and colonization of the New World, Portuguese explorers had rounded the Cape of Good Hope and opened just such a sea route through the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese fought to defend their monopoly over this route because it offered tremendous trade advantages over other European nations. The have-not nations, led by Christopher Columbus and Spain, eagerly sought an alternative route that would break Portuguese domination.

As we know, Columbus's voyage of 1492 did not discover islands on the eastern fringe of Asia, as he believed, but found instead a tremendous new land mass, unknown to Europe, stretching nearly from pole to pole. As disappointment over failing to find an easy passage to Asia subsided, there arose a corresponding curiosity about what Columbus had found. The early explorers returned to Europe with tales of gold, silver, furs, virgin forests, farmland without end, new foodstuffs, tobacco, and new races of people. The visionaries of Europe saw a wide range of opportunities in the form of quick wealth, fiefdoms, homesteads, religious freedom, raw materials, trading profits, and souls to save.

The following is a summary of the "real life" history of England, France, Holland, and Spain's activities in the New World as described by MPS in the game's manual.