Fight fire with fire, eh? 
More facts at http://www.electronicintifada.net/hi...ths/index.html
----------
Jerusalem is the eternal, undivided capital of Israel
Myth:
This Israeli myth negates the rights of the Palestinian majority in the city, the city's multicultural history and status as a focal point for the three monotheistic faiths, and fails to note that, by Israel's own actions, the city has been divided -- the eastern part of the city de-developed and treated differently than the western part. Owing to the scope of this subject, this factsheet is by necessity "under construction" and the information offered below should be taken in that light.
Facts:
Jerusalem's international status
On 29 November 1947, United Nations General Assembly Resolution (181) laid down that
The City of Jerusalem shall be established as a corpus separatum under a special international regime and shall be administered by the United Nations.
This remains the official international status of Jerusalem, despite Israel's plans for the city.
On 13 December 1948, the Israeli government proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal capital."
On 11 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly again called for the demilitarisation and internationalisation of Jerusalem in Resolution 194. Although this resolution was never implemented, its provisions on the special status of the city and the right of Palestinian refugees to return have been reasserted by the Assembly virtually every year since 1948.
On 21 October 1950, The Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War went into force. Article 2 clarifies that the Convention applies even when one of the parties is not a 'High Contracting Party' (in this case, the Palestinians):
In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peacetime, the present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of them.
The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance.
Although one of the Powers in conflict may not be a party to the present Convention, the Powers who are parties thereto shall remain bound by it in their mutual relations. They shall furthermore be bound by the Convention in relation to the said Power, if the latter accepts and applies the provisions thereof.
Article 49 of the Convention specifically forbids settlement in these territories:
The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.
In the war that began on 5 June 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip.
On 11 June 1967, the Israeli government made the decision to annex occupied East Jerusalem.
On 27 June 1967, the Israeli Knesset empowered the government to extend "Israeli law, jurisdiction, and public administration over the entire area of the Land of Israel." Under this authority, 72 square kilometers (only 8 percent of which was part of Jordanian Jerusalem), were placed under the jurisdiction of the Jerusalem municipality, effectively annexing the area to Israel.
On 22 November 1967, United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 called for Israeli withdrawl from: territories occupied in the recent conflict
On 30 July 1980, the Knesset passed "The Jerusalem Law," reaffirming the 1967 de facto annexation and declaring the "complete and united Jerusalem" to be the capital of Israel.
On 20 August 1980, UN Security Council Resolution 478 (1980) determined that:
all legislative and administrative measures and actions taken by Israel, the occupying Power, which have altered or purport to alter the character and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem, and in particular the recent "basic law" on Jerusalem, are null and void and must be rescinded forthwith.
There was no such thing as "Palestinians"
Myth
Former Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir said "there was no such thing as Palestinians", former Prime Minister Begin said that Palestinians were "two-legged vermin"; Rafael Eitan said they were "drugged roaches in a bottle"; former Israeli Prime Minister Shamir said they were "grasshoppers".
Today, the myths that the Palestinians don't exist as a coherent people, that Palestine didn't exist as a coherent geographical entity, and that the land was empty, are still maintained in one form or another. This denial of the Palestinians is a wholesale dehumanisation of a people.
Facts
The Israeli scholar Y. Porath has written that:
"at the end of the Ottoman period the concept of Filastin was already widespread among the educated Arab public, denoting either the whole of Palestine or the Jerusalem Sanjak alone" (Y. Porath, The Emergence of the Palestinian National Movement 1918-1929, Frank Cass, 1974).
Zionists who deny the existence of the Palestinians, or "Palestine", claim that when the Western Powers, after the First World War, laid down the modern frontiers of the Middle East they did so entirely arbitrarily. The facts show that, in establishing the boundaries of "mandated Palestine" where they did, the Western powers implicitly recognised the reality of Palestine as an area of special significance whose residents were a people distinuishable from their neighbors.
Equally revealing, Palestine was also recognised as a distinct area by tourists. Baedecker's famous guidebook, published in 1876, was entitled Palestine - Syria. Herzl himself, the founder of Zionism, in his correspondence with the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid, referred to "Palestine" and neither seems to have been confused by the term.
The bounderies established for Palestine by the colonial powers enhanced the already existing unity of the area. Evidently the Palestinians and others did regard pre-British Mandate Palestine as a distinct area, as something much more than a part of Syria or the Arab world.
In short, the Palestinians recognised it as their homeland, and others recognised it to be so. It hardly needs stating that these facts alone would be enough on which to base the conclusion that Palestine's residents regarded themselves, and were regarded by others, as Palestinians.
In 1968, Jewish historian Maxime Rodinson wrote that
"the Arab population of Palestine was native in all the usual senses of the word" (Rodinson, M., Israel and the Arabs, Penguin, 1968, p. 216).
Estimated Population of Palestine 1870-1946*
Arabs (%) Jews (%) Total
1870 367,224 (98%) 7,000 (2%) 375,000
1893 469,000 (98%) 10,000 (2%) 497,000
1912 525,000 (93%) 40,000 (6%) 565,000
1920 542,000 (90%) 61,000 (10%) 603,000
1925 598,000 (83%) 120,000 (17%) 719,000
1930 763,000 (82%) 165,000 (18%) 928,000
1935 886,000 (71%) 355,000 (29%) 1,241,000
1940 1,014,000 (69%) 463,000 (31%) 1,478,000
1946 1,237,000 (65%) 608,000 (35%) 1,845,000
* Figures are rounded.
Sources: The numbers in this table are estimates constructed from the following: Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, "The Population of the Large Towns in Palestine During the First Eighty Years of the Nineteenth Century, According to Western Sources" in Moshe Ma'oz, ed. Studies on Palestine during the Ottoman Period, Magnus, 1975; Alexander Scholch, "The Demographic Development of Palestine 1850-1882", International Journal of Middle East Studies, XII, 4, November 1985, pp. 485-505; "Palestine", Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edn, 1911; "Palestine", Encyclopedia of Islam, 1964; UN Document A/AC 14/32, 11 November 1947, p.304; Justin McCarthy, "The Population of Ottoman Syria and Iraq, 1878-1914", Asian and African Studies, XV, 1 March 1981; Kemal Karpat, "Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82-1893", International Journal of Middle East Studies, XCI, 2, 1978; Bill Farell, "Review of Joan Peters", 'From Time Immemorial', Journal of Palestine Studies, 53, Fall 1984, pp. 126-34; Walid Khalidi, From Heaven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem until 1948, Institute for Palestine Studies, 1971 appendix I; Janet L. Abu Lughod, "The Demographic Transformation of Palestine", in Ibrahim Abu Lughod, ed., The Transformation of Palestine: Essays on the Origin and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Northwestern University Press, 1971 pp. 139-63.
Conclusion
The most significant fact about the existence of the Palestinians has been not just their displacement as a result of the 1948 war, but their continual and systematic displacement. It is clear from this that the central issue in the Arab-Israeli conflict from an Israeli perspective is the existence of the Palestinians as a distinct social, political, and cultural entity. For this reason Israel has devoted enormous energy to expelling them from their homes, to stripping away their identity, and to denying their existence and importance for the resolution of the conflict.
Israel "made the desert bloom"
Myth
Israel and its supporters claim that Zionist settlers transformed the land from a barren desert into a fertile land of milk and honey. Hence, they hold that Palestinians only became interested in their own state upon witnessing the purported "successes" of Zionist attempts to develop and revitalize the land. This stance also provides some Zionists with justification for their claim that the Palestinians had not been good stewards of the land, and thus did not deserve to have any rights to it.
Facts
Israel's claim that it "made the desert bloom" is a wild exaggeration that vastly overstates the extent of Jewish achievements while grossly underestimating Palestinian cultivation and the natural fertility of Palestine.
Climate
Only half of the area of Palestine has a true desert climate. This area consists of the Negev desert, stretching south from Bi'r as-Saba' to the Gulf of Aqaba. The remaining half of Palestine has a typical Mediterranean climate, and enjoys substantial rainfall for half of every year (roughly October to April). The soils in this second area of Palestine are naturally fertile. The average annual rainfall in Tel Aviv, for example, totals 539 mm., 639 mm. in Nazareth, and 486 mm. in Jerusalem.
Agricultural development prior to Jewish immigration
It was the Palestinians who expanded agricultural production and sustainable and environmentally appropriate techniques during the 18th and 19th centuries before the arrival of European Jewish settlers. The success of Palestinian agrigulture is best illustrated by olive horticulture in central Palestine, which constituted the basis of the region's productive economy in the 18th century (see Beshara Doumani's book, Rediscovering Palestine). Cooking oil, lamp oil, soaps and other products derived from Palestinian olive trees enriched many areas during this period, particularly that of Nablus.
The 'Israeli' Jaffa orange
Another example is the Jaffa orange. Now assumed as an Israeli product, this orange species had already been developed by Palestinian agriculturalists before the Zionist colonisation of Palestine began in earnest. In 1886, the American consul in Jerusalem, Henry Gillman, called attention to the excellent quality and superior grafting techniques of Palestinian citrus farmers. "I am particular in giving the details of this simple method of propagating this valuable fruit [the Jaffa orange] as I believe it might be adopted with advantage in Florida" (US Government, Documents of the Jerusalem Consulate (Gillman to Porter), 16 December 1886.
Land under cultivation prior to 1947-48 War
By 1930, all the land capable of being cultivated by the indigeneous Palestinians with the resources available to them was already under cultivation (Frances Newton, Fifty Years in Palestine, Coldharbor, 1940, p. 253). Sir John Hope Simpson undertook a comprehensive study of Palestinian agricultural potential in 1930. He concluded that
"it has emerged quite definitely that there is at the present time and with the present methods of Arab cultivation no margin of land available for agricultural settlements by new immigrants"
(Palestine, Report on immigration, land settlement and development, Sir John Hope Simpson, cmnd 3686, His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1930).
By the end of the British Mandate in 1947, the total land area under cultivation by Palestinian farmers (excluding citrus) was 5,484,700 dunums, whereas the area cultivated by Jewish farmers was only 425,450 dunums. The expansion of the cultivated area offered in the Israeli repertoire is grossly exaggerated. The figures have been doctored by including, as reclaimed land, the huge areas of farmland left behind by the Palestinian refugees expelled by Israel in 1948.
Subcommittee II of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question, established in September 1947 issued a report in November 1947 which stated under item 63:
"The village statistics for 1945 prepared by the Palestine administration and showing the position as at 1 April 1945 furnish interesting data regarding land ownership in Palestine. The total Arab land ownership is given in dunums (4 dunums equals approximately 1 acre), as being 12,574,774, as against a total Jewish ownership of 1,491,699. [...] The following figures are of particular interest:
CATEGORY OF CROPS OWNERSHIP
Arabs Jews (in dunums)
Citrus 135,368 139,728
Bananas 1,843 1,079
Plantations 1,052,222 94,167
Taxable cereals (categories 9-13) 5,653,346 869,109
Taxable cereals (categories 14-15) 823,046 67,839
Item 64 of that same report stated:
"The above statistics of population and of land ownership prove conclusively that the Arabs constitute a majority of the population of the proposed Jewish State, and own the bulk of the land"
(Source: Doc. C74 UNSCOP Report to the UNGA, Documents on Palestine, vol. 1, pp. 165, PASSIA, December 1997).
Some historical references to Palestinian agriculture, from the 10th Century to 1946
In the late 10th century, a visitor wrote,
"Palestine is watered by the rains and the dew. Its trees and its ploughed lands do not need artificial irrigation. Palestine is the most fertile of the Syrian provinces"
[Guy Le Strange, Palestine under the Moslems (Beirut, Lebanon, Khayat, 1965), 28.].
Before he died in 986 AD, Muqqadisi, who lived in Jerusalem, told of Palestine produce that
"was particularly copious and prized: fruit of every kind (olives, figs, grapes, quinces, plums, apples, dates, walnuts, almonds, jujubes and bananas), some of which were exported, and crops for processing (sugarcane, indigo and sumac)"
[quoted in Walid Khalidi, Before Their Diaspora (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1984), 28-29.}
In 1615, Englishman George Sandys described Palestine as
"a land that flows with milk and honey,"
with
"no part empty of delight or profit"
[quoted in Richard Bevis, "Making the Desert Bloom: An Historical Picture of Pre-Zionist Palestine," The Middle East Newsletter, Vol. 2, Feb.-Mar., 1971, p.4].
In 1859, a British missionary described the southern coast of Palestine as
"a very ocean of wheat,"
observing that
"the fields would do credit to British farming"
[quoted from James Reilly, "The Peasantry of Late Ottoman Palestine," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 10 No. 4, 1981, p. 84].
Between 1856 and 1882, the German geographer Alexander Scholch found that in those years,
"Palestine produced a relatively large agricultural surplus which was marketed in neighboring countries," and to Europe
[Alexander Scholch, "The Economic Development of Palestine, 1856-1882," Journal of Palestinian Studies, Vol 10, No. 3, 1981, 36-58].
In 1887, Lawrence Oliphant visited the Esdralon Valley that prompted him to marvel at the
"huge green lake of waving wheat, with its village-crowned mounds rising from it like islands; and it presents one of the most striking pictures of luxuriant fertility which it is possible to conceive"
[quoted from Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, ed., The Transformation of Palestine (Chicago, IL: Northwestern Press, 1971), 126].
In 1893, the British Consul advised his government of the value of importing trees from Jaffa to improve production in Australia and South Africa
[Beheiry, p. 67].
In 1939, Palestine exported over 15 million cases of citrus fruit
[A Survey of Palestine, Vol. 1, 337].
In 1942, Palestine produced nearly 305,000 tons of grains and legumes
[A Survey of Palestine, Vol.I, 320].
In 1943, Palestine produced 280,000 tons of fruit, excluding citrus fruits
[Statistical Abstract of Palestine, 1944-45, 226].
In 1945, Palestine had over 600,000 dunums of land planted with olive trees, producing nearly 80,000 tons of olives, and accounting for 1 percent of the olive oil production for the WORLD [Statistical Abstract of Palestine, 1944-45, (Department of Statistics, Government of Palestine), 225], and produced nearly 245,000 tons of vegetables. [A Survey of Palestine, for the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Vol.I, 325-26].
In 1946, Walter C. Lowdermilk, Assistant Chief of US Soil Conservation Service, examined Palestine, and compared it to California, except that
"the soils of Palestine were uniformly better"
[Palestine's Economic Future: A Review of Progress and Prospects (London, UK: Percy Lund Humphries and Co., Ltd., 1946), 19-23.

More facts at http://www.electronicintifada.net/hi...ths/index.html
----------
Jerusalem is the eternal, undivided capital of Israel
Myth:
This Israeli myth negates the rights of the Palestinian majority in the city, the city's multicultural history and status as a focal point for the three monotheistic faiths, and fails to note that, by Israel's own actions, the city has been divided -- the eastern part of the city de-developed and treated differently than the western part. Owing to the scope of this subject, this factsheet is by necessity "under construction" and the information offered below should be taken in that light.
Facts:
Jerusalem's international status
On 29 November 1947, United Nations General Assembly Resolution (181) laid down that
The City of Jerusalem shall be established as a corpus separatum under a special international regime and shall be administered by the United Nations.
This remains the official international status of Jerusalem, despite Israel's plans for the city.
On 13 December 1948, the Israeli government proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal capital."
On 11 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly again called for the demilitarisation and internationalisation of Jerusalem in Resolution 194. Although this resolution was never implemented, its provisions on the special status of the city and the right of Palestinian refugees to return have been reasserted by the Assembly virtually every year since 1948.
On 21 October 1950, The Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War went into force. Article 2 clarifies that the Convention applies even when one of the parties is not a 'High Contracting Party' (in this case, the Palestinians):
In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peacetime, the present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of them.
The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance.
Although one of the Powers in conflict may not be a party to the present Convention, the Powers who are parties thereto shall remain bound by it in their mutual relations. They shall furthermore be bound by the Convention in relation to the said Power, if the latter accepts and applies the provisions thereof.
Article 49 of the Convention specifically forbids settlement in these territories:
The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.
In the war that began on 5 June 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip.
On 11 June 1967, the Israeli government made the decision to annex occupied East Jerusalem.
On 27 June 1967, the Israeli Knesset empowered the government to extend "Israeli law, jurisdiction, and public administration over the entire area of the Land of Israel." Under this authority, 72 square kilometers (only 8 percent of which was part of Jordanian Jerusalem), were placed under the jurisdiction of the Jerusalem municipality, effectively annexing the area to Israel.
On 22 November 1967, United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 called for Israeli withdrawl from: territories occupied in the recent conflict
On 30 July 1980, the Knesset passed "The Jerusalem Law," reaffirming the 1967 de facto annexation and declaring the "complete and united Jerusalem" to be the capital of Israel.
On 20 August 1980, UN Security Council Resolution 478 (1980) determined that:
all legislative and administrative measures and actions taken by Israel, the occupying Power, which have altered or purport to alter the character and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem, and in particular the recent "basic law" on Jerusalem, are null and void and must be rescinded forthwith.
There was no such thing as "Palestinians"
Myth
Former Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir said "there was no such thing as Palestinians", former Prime Minister Begin said that Palestinians were "two-legged vermin"; Rafael Eitan said they were "drugged roaches in a bottle"; former Israeli Prime Minister Shamir said they were "grasshoppers".
Today, the myths that the Palestinians don't exist as a coherent people, that Palestine didn't exist as a coherent geographical entity, and that the land was empty, are still maintained in one form or another. This denial of the Palestinians is a wholesale dehumanisation of a people.
Facts
The Israeli scholar Y. Porath has written that:
"at the end of the Ottoman period the concept of Filastin was already widespread among the educated Arab public, denoting either the whole of Palestine or the Jerusalem Sanjak alone" (Y. Porath, The Emergence of the Palestinian National Movement 1918-1929, Frank Cass, 1974).
Zionists who deny the existence of the Palestinians, or "Palestine", claim that when the Western Powers, after the First World War, laid down the modern frontiers of the Middle East they did so entirely arbitrarily. The facts show that, in establishing the boundaries of "mandated Palestine" where they did, the Western powers implicitly recognised the reality of Palestine as an area of special significance whose residents were a people distinuishable from their neighbors.
Equally revealing, Palestine was also recognised as a distinct area by tourists. Baedecker's famous guidebook, published in 1876, was entitled Palestine - Syria. Herzl himself, the founder of Zionism, in his correspondence with the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid, referred to "Palestine" and neither seems to have been confused by the term.
The bounderies established for Palestine by the colonial powers enhanced the already existing unity of the area. Evidently the Palestinians and others did regard pre-British Mandate Palestine as a distinct area, as something much more than a part of Syria or the Arab world.
In short, the Palestinians recognised it as their homeland, and others recognised it to be so. It hardly needs stating that these facts alone would be enough on which to base the conclusion that Palestine's residents regarded themselves, and were regarded by others, as Palestinians.
In 1968, Jewish historian Maxime Rodinson wrote that
"the Arab population of Palestine was native in all the usual senses of the word" (Rodinson, M., Israel and the Arabs, Penguin, 1968, p. 216).
Estimated Population of Palestine 1870-1946*
Arabs (%) Jews (%) Total
1870 367,224 (98%) 7,000 (2%) 375,000
1893 469,000 (98%) 10,000 (2%) 497,000
1912 525,000 (93%) 40,000 (6%) 565,000
1920 542,000 (90%) 61,000 (10%) 603,000
1925 598,000 (83%) 120,000 (17%) 719,000
1930 763,000 (82%) 165,000 (18%) 928,000
1935 886,000 (71%) 355,000 (29%) 1,241,000
1940 1,014,000 (69%) 463,000 (31%) 1,478,000
1946 1,237,000 (65%) 608,000 (35%) 1,845,000
* Figures are rounded.
Sources: The numbers in this table are estimates constructed from the following: Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, "The Population of the Large Towns in Palestine During the First Eighty Years of the Nineteenth Century, According to Western Sources" in Moshe Ma'oz, ed. Studies on Palestine during the Ottoman Period, Magnus, 1975; Alexander Scholch, "The Demographic Development of Palestine 1850-1882", International Journal of Middle East Studies, XII, 4, November 1985, pp. 485-505; "Palestine", Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edn, 1911; "Palestine", Encyclopedia of Islam, 1964; UN Document A/AC 14/32, 11 November 1947, p.304; Justin McCarthy, "The Population of Ottoman Syria and Iraq, 1878-1914", Asian and African Studies, XV, 1 March 1981; Kemal Karpat, "Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82-1893", International Journal of Middle East Studies, XCI, 2, 1978; Bill Farell, "Review of Joan Peters", 'From Time Immemorial', Journal of Palestine Studies, 53, Fall 1984, pp. 126-34; Walid Khalidi, From Heaven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem until 1948, Institute for Palestine Studies, 1971 appendix I; Janet L. Abu Lughod, "The Demographic Transformation of Palestine", in Ibrahim Abu Lughod, ed., The Transformation of Palestine: Essays on the Origin and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Northwestern University Press, 1971 pp. 139-63.
Conclusion
The most significant fact about the existence of the Palestinians has been not just their displacement as a result of the 1948 war, but their continual and systematic displacement. It is clear from this that the central issue in the Arab-Israeli conflict from an Israeli perspective is the existence of the Palestinians as a distinct social, political, and cultural entity. For this reason Israel has devoted enormous energy to expelling them from their homes, to stripping away their identity, and to denying their existence and importance for the resolution of the conflict.
Israel "made the desert bloom"
Myth
Israel and its supporters claim that Zionist settlers transformed the land from a barren desert into a fertile land of milk and honey. Hence, they hold that Palestinians only became interested in their own state upon witnessing the purported "successes" of Zionist attempts to develop and revitalize the land. This stance also provides some Zionists with justification for their claim that the Palestinians had not been good stewards of the land, and thus did not deserve to have any rights to it.
Facts
Israel's claim that it "made the desert bloom" is a wild exaggeration that vastly overstates the extent of Jewish achievements while grossly underestimating Palestinian cultivation and the natural fertility of Palestine.
Climate
Only half of the area of Palestine has a true desert climate. This area consists of the Negev desert, stretching south from Bi'r as-Saba' to the Gulf of Aqaba. The remaining half of Palestine has a typical Mediterranean climate, and enjoys substantial rainfall for half of every year (roughly October to April). The soils in this second area of Palestine are naturally fertile. The average annual rainfall in Tel Aviv, for example, totals 539 mm., 639 mm. in Nazareth, and 486 mm. in Jerusalem.
Agricultural development prior to Jewish immigration
It was the Palestinians who expanded agricultural production and sustainable and environmentally appropriate techniques during the 18th and 19th centuries before the arrival of European Jewish settlers. The success of Palestinian agrigulture is best illustrated by olive horticulture in central Palestine, which constituted the basis of the region's productive economy in the 18th century (see Beshara Doumani's book, Rediscovering Palestine). Cooking oil, lamp oil, soaps and other products derived from Palestinian olive trees enriched many areas during this period, particularly that of Nablus.
The 'Israeli' Jaffa orange
Another example is the Jaffa orange. Now assumed as an Israeli product, this orange species had already been developed by Palestinian agriculturalists before the Zionist colonisation of Palestine began in earnest. In 1886, the American consul in Jerusalem, Henry Gillman, called attention to the excellent quality and superior grafting techniques of Palestinian citrus farmers. "I am particular in giving the details of this simple method of propagating this valuable fruit [the Jaffa orange] as I believe it might be adopted with advantage in Florida" (US Government, Documents of the Jerusalem Consulate (Gillman to Porter), 16 December 1886.
Land under cultivation prior to 1947-48 War
By 1930, all the land capable of being cultivated by the indigeneous Palestinians with the resources available to them was already under cultivation (Frances Newton, Fifty Years in Palestine, Coldharbor, 1940, p. 253). Sir John Hope Simpson undertook a comprehensive study of Palestinian agricultural potential in 1930. He concluded that
"it has emerged quite definitely that there is at the present time and with the present methods of Arab cultivation no margin of land available for agricultural settlements by new immigrants"
(Palestine, Report on immigration, land settlement and development, Sir John Hope Simpson, cmnd 3686, His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1930).
By the end of the British Mandate in 1947, the total land area under cultivation by Palestinian farmers (excluding citrus) was 5,484,700 dunums, whereas the area cultivated by Jewish farmers was only 425,450 dunums. The expansion of the cultivated area offered in the Israeli repertoire is grossly exaggerated. The figures have been doctored by including, as reclaimed land, the huge areas of farmland left behind by the Palestinian refugees expelled by Israel in 1948.
Subcommittee II of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question, established in September 1947 issued a report in November 1947 which stated under item 63:
"The village statistics for 1945 prepared by the Palestine administration and showing the position as at 1 April 1945 furnish interesting data regarding land ownership in Palestine. The total Arab land ownership is given in dunums (4 dunums equals approximately 1 acre), as being 12,574,774, as against a total Jewish ownership of 1,491,699. [...] The following figures are of particular interest:
CATEGORY OF CROPS OWNERSHIP
Arabs Jews (in dunums)
Citrus 135,368 139,728
Bananas 1,843 1,079
Plantations 1,052,222 94,167
Taxable cereals (categories 9-13) 5,653,346 869,109
Taxable cereals (categories 14-15) 823,046 67,839
Item 64 of that same report stated:
"The above statistics of population and of land ownership prove conclusively that the Arabs constitute a majority of the population of the proposed Jewish State, and own the bulk of the land"
(Source: Doc. C74 UNSCOP Report to the UNGA, Documents on Palestine, vol. 1, pp. 165, PASSIA, December 1997).
Some historical references to Palestinian agriculture, from the 10th Century to 1946
In the late 10th century, a visitor wrote,
"Palestine is watered by the rains and the dew. Its trees and its ploughed lands do not need artificial irrigation. Palestine is the most fertile of the Syrian provinces"
[Guy Le Strange, Palestine under the Moslems (Beirut, Lebanon, Khayat, 1965), 28.].
Before he died in 986 AD, Muqqadisi, who lived in Jerusalem, told of Palestine produce that
"was particularly copious and prized: fruit of every kind (olives, figs, grapes, quinces, plums, apples, dates, walnuts, almonds, jujubes and bananas), some of which were exported, and crops for processing (sugarcane, indigo and sumac)"
[quoted in Walid Khalidi, Before Their Diaspora (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1984), 28-29.}
In 1615, Englishman George Sandys described Palestine as
"a land that flows with milk and honey,"
with
"no part empty of delight or profit"
[quoted in Richard Bevis, "Making the Desert Bloom: An Historical Picture of Pre-Zionist Palestine," The Middle East Newsletter, Vol. 2, Feb.-Mar., 1971, p.4].
In 1859, a British missionary described the southern coast of Palestine as
"a very ocean of wheat,"
observing that
"the fields would do credit to British farming"
[quoted from James Reilly, "The Peasantry of Late Ottoman Palestine," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 10 No. 4, 1981, p. 84].
Between 1856 and 1882, the German geographer Alexander Scholch found that in those years,
"Palestine produced a relatively large agricultural surplus which was marketed in neighboring countries," and to Europe
[Alexander Scholch, "The Economic Development of Palestine, 1856-1882," Journal of Palestinian Studies, Vol 10, No. 3, 1981, 36-58].
In 1887, Lawrence Oliphant visited the Esdralon Valley that prompted him to marvel at the
"huge green lake of waving wheat, with its village-crowned mounds rising from it like islands; and it presents one of the most striking pictures of luxuriant fertility which it is possible to conceive"
[quoted from Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, ed., The Transformation of Palestine (Chicago, IL: Northwestern Press, 1971), 126].
In 1893, the British Consul advised his government of the value of importing trees from Jaffa to improve production in Australia and South Africa
[Beheiry, p. 67].
In 1939, Palestine exported over 15 million cases of citrus fruit
[A Survey of Palestine, Vol. 1, 337].
In 1942, Palestine produced nearly 305,000 tons of grains and legumes
[A Survey of Palestine, Vol.I, 320].
In 1943, Palestine produced 280,000 tons of fruit, excluding citrus fruits
[Statistical Abstract of Palestine, 1944-45, 226].
In 1945, Palestine had over 600,000 dunums of land planted with olive trees, producing nearly 80,000 tons of olives, and accounting for 1 percent of the olive oil production for the WORLD [Statistical Abstract of Palestine, 1944-45, (Department of Statistics, Government of Palestine), 225], and produced nearly 245,000 tons of vegetables. [A Survey of Palestine, for the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Vol.I, 325-26].
In 1946, Walter C. Lowdermilk, Assistant Chief of US Soil Conservation Service, examined Palestine, and compared it to California, except that
"the soils of Palestine were uniformly better"
[Palestine's Economic Future: A Review of Progress and Prospects (London, UK: Percy Lund Humphries and Co., Ltd., 1946), 19-23.
Comment