Por petición popular....
SOVEREIGNS AND VASSALS
- In the past ten years the struggle between the International Monetary Fund and the developing nations has intensified.
No voy a discutirlo (obviamente, es difícilmente discutible).
- Many of the industrial nations blame the corrupt governments of the developing world for squandering aid monies and for lacking economically sustainable plans.
Sí (como siempre).
-In the developing world, creditors are considered the arch nemesis of development, claiming that economic imperialism has begun, blaming the creditors for exploitative interest rates and continued demands to meet payments.
Pues vale.
-Their constant finger pointing solves nothing. For one, it widens the gap between the debtors and creditors creating a hostile climate of negotiation and renegotiation of the outstanding debts.
Bien, no hay problema.
-Initially, the “loan craze” began in the 1970’s with the oil crisis. The influx of large quantities o “petrodollars” into the financial system caused banks to slash interest rates to liquefy their surplus funds.
Esto empieza a ser interesante: surge el petróleo caro, y claro un dinero que antes no había (sic), ahora existe (sic) y ya se sabe, a más oferta, caen los precios, en este caso, el tipo de interés. Esta última parte está bien, pero lo de antes no. El impacto de la crisis del petróleo fue un traslado de renta desde los países desarrollados a los países productores, pero (teoría circular de la renta) no cambia la oferta monetaria, al menos debido a la redistribución de la renta. Eso sí: empeora la balanza comercial y el déficit por cuenta corriente. Además, el calendario me chirria un poco, ¿cuándo ocurre las crisis del petróleo, los tipos de interés se desploman? No lo tengo muy claro, al menos para el caso español (que no era un país industrializado en los atlas de la época): el tipo de interés nominal alcanzó el 22% en 1978, si bien los tipos de interés reales eran negativos por el efecto de la inflación. Los determinantes del tipo de interés, en el corto plazo son la oferta/demanda de dinero, y en el medio plazo, además de la anterior, hay que incluir la rentabilidad esperada de la inversión, el crecimiento del PIB y el déficit público esperado (determinantes es un poco fuerte, mejor decir que están correlacionadas significativamente).
- However, the crisis led to a collapse in prices and a drop in commerce and to a deficitary balance of payments in the developing world.
Bien (entiendo que seguimos hablando de la crisis del petróleo).
-This forced many governments to obtain loans from international creditors to foster nationalized industry as well as combating unemployment and decreased industrial output.
Sí.
- However, in 1980, the US economic slump forced interest rates up as creditors hoarded their money prior to the collapse.
Oppps, no lo tengo claro ¿a menor crecimiento económico mayor tipo de interés? Si ocurre esto (que ocurrió), será porque el resto de factores antedichos “pesan” más. Bien, no tiene importancia.
Sigamos.
-The change in the interest rates were exorbitant, from the traditional 4-7% to over 20% in only a few months which made the situation unsustainable for the developing nation and, as such, affected also by the US recession, industrial output declined and inflation caused widespread misery in these countries as investor confidence plummeted and capital began to flee the countries, further indebting them as more loans were acquired to pay the existing loans, and interests were made unpayable.
Sí, ciertamente.
- From the Argentine perspective, it can be argued that ill policies resulted in a deepening economic crisis as early as the mid 1970’s: a policy of overpricing of the peso was established.
Sí. España, que sufrió los mismos males que la Argentina, actuó al contrario: devaluó en 1977 y en 1982. También en ¿1992/93?
- This, whilst strengthening the financial sector, destabilized the industrial sector, decreasing the competitivity of the local goods over imported ones, decreasing the purchase power of the population and increased the cost of credit.
Lógica consecuencia: si hay algo (petróleo) cuyo precio (que se paga en dólares) sube escandalosamente y no queremos asumirlo, modificamos el precio de esa otra moneda respecto a la nuestro (el peso), y así parece que no cueste más. Arreglado. Pues no, no existen las varitas mágicas, ¡¡¡qué decepción!!!
Creo que es algo bastante comprensible, y este es el punto básico que provoca la crisis argentina, no la gestión posterior, que es un programa ortodoxo, al que le faltó alguna devaluación.
-This led to a deficitary balance of payments and the need for more loans which increased cost dramatically, effectively impoverishing the government, worsened by the decrease in revenues as well as increased social expenditure. All this caused inflation to escalate. To control the inflation, the Plan Austral was adopted in 1985 and the economy began to stabilize: confidence increased once again. Inflation decreased and creditors were calmed.
[modo profesor on] Bien, pero la balanza de pagos está en equilibrio por definición, debe ser la balanza comercial o por cuenta corriente lo que estuvo deficitaria, pero es muy usual expresarlo así. [modo profesor off]
- But in 1986, one year after the Plan Austral was implemented, the price of cereals collapsed, destabilizing the Argentine economy. Inflation ran rampant once more and the situation became untenable, the recession more profound. Because of these recessions, the IMF and World Bank were forced to enter the scene as regulatory bodies imposing demands on the debtors to comply with debt and interest payments on time. Here the opinion of John Stiglitz, formerly chief economist of the World Bank and winner of the 2001 Nobel Prize for Economics, is considered. He refers to the IMF policy for “ending recession” as a four-step plan.
Ok
-Step 1 includes the privatization of all state owned assets, usually under dubious conditions. Stiglitz has accused the IMF of actively following US friendly policy to conduct these sales including corruption and “inducement” in a process he has termed “Bribarisation”.
Es la acusación habitual de las privatizaciones, que, dicho sea de paso, se cumple demasiadas veces, pero como se comentó anteriormente, eso no provoca crisis (no León, si hablamos de crisis económica, el cambio de propiedad no pudo provocarla, aunque sea moralmente inaceptable el robo del patrimonio estatal, que lo es, y peligroso, por debilitar el patrimonio público).
- Step 2 has been termed “Capital Market Liberalisation”. In theory, capital market deregulation allows the free flow of capital boosting investor confidence. But Stiglitz has termed this the “hot money” cycle: cash flows into a nation, but vanishes at the first sign of trouble, draining a nation’s reserves in a matter of days.
Afirmaciones imbatibles, tanto la aseveración inicial como el “pero” de Stiglitz: el dinero es miedoso. Que pena que se queden ahí, aún les falta un pasito ¿por qué tuvo miedo el dinero de la Argentina?
- Stiglitz defines Step 3 as the emblematic problem and includes Market Based Pricing. This leads to an increase in the price of foodstuffs and energy. Complete liberalization of the market leads to increased costs of life and to step 3 ½, the “IMF riot” which occurs when an over-pressured nation explodes into social unrest and widespread rioting which, acting together with the “hot money” cycle causes a collapse in confidence and, as such, the “evacuation” of capital.
Puede ocurrir, no siempre ocurre. Y si ocurre es porque el paso 2 (inversión à generación de puestos de trabajo y crecimiento económico, no ha sido un éxito), por ejemplo.
- At this point the arrival at step 4 takes place, what the IMF and World Bank term “poverty reduction strategy”: Free trade. But free trade according to World Trade Organization, Stiglitz compares to the Opium Wars in the XIX century: Stiglitz argues that whilst the EU and US today insist on kicking down the barriers to sales in Asia, Latin America and Africa, while barricading their own markets against Third World agriculture and raw materials. “The so-called Poverty Reduction Programs undermine democracy” Stiglitz states, “and they don’t work”.
Hombre todo, todo, tampoco es eso, pero el resto ya lo hemos hablado. Las barreras proteccionistas europeas y norteamericanas son uno de los mayores impedimentos al desarrollo del resto de los países. Ahí siempre estaré a vuestro lado.
- When compared to the Argentine situation, Stiglitz’s 4-step plan fits in completely.
Bien, “vamos p’allá”
- In the early 1990’s all state owned enterprises were privatized under the direction of President Carlos Menem and a secretary, María Julia Alsogaray. The conditions of sale are at present still under review and many times harshly criticized. A case of briberisation perhaps? It is what many are inclined to believe.
Esto es el paso 1. “No coment”
- Step 2 was also seemingly enforced and the increase of debt and decreased ability to pay it led to the “Hot Money” flow out of Argentina as confidence plummeted coupled with the overpreciation of the peso and trade treaties of Mercosur. Again, the industrial sector was sacrificed for the financial as in the 1970’s, and the financial was quickly running dry.
Fortísima apreciación del peso + no modificación de las condiciones de comercio exterior = debacle del sector industrial. Cierto (que de paso, elimina la “importancia” de las privatizaciones: algunas de esas empresas se han ido a pique – recuérdese Aerolíneas– ). Y todo no fue “hot money”: ahí están las inversiones españolas. Por cierto, la ligazón industria cae y finanzas sube ¿cómo?¿por qué?
- Because of lax laws already in place, or a lack of them, step 3 and 4 happened on their own, further contributing to a collapse in industrial output, increased cost of life, decreased purchase power and no confidence in the policy. Prices of transport and energy went up since privatization, whilst salaries have stagnated or, in worse cases, shrunk. Free trade has thus further worsened the social conditions together with the inflation of energy and transport prices.
No lo dudo, pero siempre he oído de ustedes que los precios subieron, pero podían pagarlos y mejoró el servicio.
- The problem with the debt had yet to be addressed but it can be deduced that the money obtained from briberisation went toward payments of draconian interests and the refinancing of debts, as well as major sums from reserves.
No sólo eso, parte de los recursos argentinos se fueron a un lugar que no les gusta admitir: tengo pesos (pero yo, argentino, no me fío, quiero dólares), que se cambian 1:1… eso también fue una “briberisation”, más extendida y menos profunda, pero no menos onerosa... porque en la práctica el efecto sobre las reservas de divisas es el mismo que sacarlos del país y el efecto sobra la confianza del peso es pésimo. Los propios argentinos no confían en su moneda y critican a los inversores que tampoco lo hacen. No sé, no sé, muy lógico no lo veo ¿las mismas razones no valen para uno y para otros en este caso?
-And although the IMF policies prove to be defunct, they insist on the free floating of the peso against the dollar as well as the repealing of laws that will further liberalize the capital market such as the Ley 20.840 (commonly referred to as “Economic Subversion” laws). And yet, it takes two to tango.
Pues claro, si no se permite la flotación libre, nada de nada
¿qué significa "it takes two to tango"?
-IMF policies alone cannot damage anyone unless they are implemented and a great responsibility falls upon the administrations of Alfonsín, Menem and De La Rua for following IMF policy blindly, perpetuating the recession that started in the early 1980’s.
Bien, pero en el reparto de culpas, la principal del FMI es no obligar a eliminar el tipo de cambio fijo.
De lo que queda, me lo explicas en castellano que no me ha quedado claro alguna cosa, y prefiero no meter la pata.
SOVEREIGNS AND VASSALS
- In the past ten years the struggle between the International Monetary Fund and the developing nations has intensified.
No voy a discutirlo (obviamente, es difícilmente discutible).
- Many of the industrial nations blame the corrupt governments of the developing world for squandering aid monies and for lacking economically sustainable plans.
Sí (como siempre).
-In the developing world, creditors are considered the arch nemesis of development, claiming that economic imperialism has begun, blaming the creditors for exploitative interest rates and continued demands to meet payments.
Pues vale.
-Their constant finger pointing solves nothing. For one, it widens the gap between the debtors and creditors creating a hostile climate of negotiation and renegotiation of the outstanding debts.
Bien, no hay problema.
-Initially, the “loan craze” began in the 1970’s with the oil crisis. The influx of large quantities o “petrodollars” into the financial system caused banks to slash interest rates to liquefy their surplus funds.
Esto empieza a ser interesante: surge el petróleo caro, y claro un dinero que antes no había (sic), ahora existe (sic) y ya se sabe, a más oferta, caen los precios, en este caso, el tipo de interés. Esta última parte está bien, pero lo de antes no. El impacto de la crisis del petróleo fue un traslado de renta desde los países desarrollados a los países productores, pero (teoría circular de la renta) no cambia la oferta monetaria, al menos debido a la redistribución de la renta. Eso sí: empeora la balanza comercial y el déficit por cuenta corriente. Además, el calendario me chirria un poco, ¿cuándo ocurre las crisis del petróleo, los tipos de interés se desploman? No lo tengo muy claro, al menos para el caso español (que no era un país industrializado en los atlas de la época): el tipo de interés nominal alcanzó el 22% en 1978, si bien los tipos de interés reales eran negativos por el efecto de la inflación. Los determinantes del tipo de interés, en el corto plazo son la oferta/demanda de dinero, y en el medio plazo, además de la anterior, hay que incluir la rentabilidad esperada de la inversión, el crecimiento del PIB y el déficit público esperado (determinantes es un poco fuerte, mejor decir que están correlacionadas significativamente).
- However, the crisis led to a collapse in prices and a drop in commerce and to a deficitary balance of payments in the developing world.
Bien (entiendo que seguimos hablando de la crisis del petróleo).
-This forced many governments to obtain loans from international creditors to foster nationalized industry as well as combating unemployment and decreased industrial output.
Sí.
- However, in 1980, the US economic slump forced interest rates up as creditors hoarded their money prior to the collapse.
Oppps, no lo tengo claro ¿a menor crecimiento económico mayor tipo de interés? Si ocurre esto (que ocurrió), será porque el resto de factores antedichos “pesan” más. Bien, no tiene importancia.
Sigamos.
-The change in the interest rates were exorbitant, from the traditional 4-7% to over 20% in only a few months which made the situation unsustainable for the developing nation and, as such, affected also by the US recession, industrial output declined and inflation caused widespread misery in these countries as investor confidence plummeted and capital began to flee the countries, further indebting them as more loans were acquired to pay the existing loans, and interests were made unpayable.
Sí, ciertamente.
- From the Argentine perspective, it can be argued that ill policies resulted in a deepening economic crisis as early as the mid 1970’s: a policy of overpricing of the peso was established.
Sí. España, que sufrió los mismos males que la Argentina, actuó al contrario: devaluó en 1977 y en 1982. También en ¿1992/93?
- This, whilst strengthening the financial sector, destabilized the industrial sector, decreasing the competitivity of the local goods over imported ones, decreasing the purchase power of the population and increased the cost of credit.
Lógica consecuencia: si hay algo (petróleo) cuyo precio (que se paga en dólares) sube escandalosamente y no queremos asumirlo, modificamos el precio de esa otra moneda respecto a la nuestro (el peso), y así parece que no cueste más. Arreglado. Pues no, no existen las varitas mágicas, ¡¡¡qué decepción!!!
Creo que es algo bastante comprensible, y este es el punto básico que provoca la crisis argentina, no la gestión posterior, que es un programa ortodoxo, al que le faltó alguna devaluación.
-This led to a deficitary balance of payments and the need for more loans which increased cost dramatically, effectively impoverishing the government, worsened by the decrease in revenues as well as increased social expenditure. All this caused inflation to escalate. To control the inflation, the Plan Austral was adopted in 1985 and the economy began to stabilize: confidence increased once again. Inflation decreased and creditors were calmed.
[modo profesor on] Bien, pero la balanza de pagos está en equilibrio por definición, debe ser la balanza comercial o por cuenta corriente lo que estuvo deficitaria, pero es muy usual expresarlo así. [modo profesor off]

- But in 1986, one year after the Plan Austral was implemented, the price of cereals collapsed, destabilizing the Argentine economy. Inflation ran rampant once more and the situation became untenable, the recession more profound. Because of these recessions, the IMF and World Bank were forced to enter the scene as regulatory bodies imposing demands on the debtors to comply with debt and interest payments on time. Here the opinion of John Stiglitz, formerly chief economist of the World Bank and winner of the 2001 Nobel Prize for Economics, is considered. He refers to the IMF policy for “ending recession” as a four-step plan.
Ok
-Step 1 includes the privatization of all state owned assets, usually under dubious conditions. Stiglitz has accused the IMF of actively following US friendly policy to conduct these sales including corruption and “inducement” in a process he has termed “Bribarisation”.
Es la acusación habitual de las privatizaciones, que, dicho sea de paso, se cumple demasiadas veces, pero como se comentó anteriormente, eso no provoca crisis (no León, si hablamos de crisis económica, el cambio de propiedad no pudo provocarla, aunque sea moralmente inaceptable el robo del patrimonio estatal, que lo es, y peligroso, por debilitar el patrimonio público).
- Step 2 has been termed “Capital Market Liberalisation”. In theory, capital market deregulation allows the free flow of capital boosting investor confidence. But Stiglitz has termed this the “hot money” cycle: cash flows into a nation, but vanishes at the first sign of trouble, draining a nation’s reserves in a matter of days.
Afirmaciones imbatibles, tanto la aseveración inicial como el “pero” de Stiglitz: el dinero es miedoso. Que pena que se queden ahí, aún les falta un pasito ¿por qué tuvo miedo el dinero de la Argentina?
- Stiglitz defines Step 3 as the emblematic problem and includes Market Based Pricing. This leads to an increase in the price of foodstuffs and energy. Complete liberalization of the market leads to increased costs of life and to step 3 ½, the “IMF riot” which occurs when an over-pressured nation explodes into social unrest and widespread rioting which, acting together with the “hot money” cycle causes a collapse in confidence and, as such, the “evacuation” of capital.
Puede ocurrir, no siempre ocurre. Y si ocurre es porque el paso 2 (inversión à generación de puestos de trabajo y crecimiento económico, no ha sido un éxito), por ejemplo.
- At this point the arrival at step 4 takes place, what the IMF and World Bank term “poverty reduction strategy”: Free trade. But free trade according to World Trade Organization, Stiglitz compares to the Opium Wars in the XIX century: Stiglitz argues that whilst the EU and US today insist on kicking down the barriers to sales in Asia, Latin America and Africa, while barricading their own markets against Third World agriculture and raw materials. “The so-called Poverty Reduction Programs undermine democracy” Stiglitz states, “and they don’t work”.
Hombre todo, todo, tampoco es eso, pero el resto ya lo hemos hablado. Las barreras proteccionistas europeas y norteamericanas son uno de los mayores impedimentos al desarrollo del resto de los países. Ahí siempre estaré a vuestro lado.
- When compared to the Argentine situation, Stiglitz’s 4-step plan fits in completely.
Bien, “vamos p’allá”
- In the early 1990’s all state owned enterprises were privatized under the direction of President Carlos Menem and a secretary, María Julia Alsogaray. The conditions of sale are at present still under review and many times harshly criticized. A case of briberisation perhaps? It is what many are inclined to believe.
Esto es el paso 1. “No coment”
- Step 2 was also seemingly enforced and the increase of debt and decreased ability to pay it led to the “Hot Money” flow out of Argentina as confidence plummeted coupled with the overpreciation of the peso and trade treaties of Mercosur. Again, the industrial sector was sacrificed for the financial as in the 1970’s, and the financial was quickly running dry.
Fortísima apreciación del peso + no modificación de las condiciones de comercio exterior = debacle del sector industrial. Cierto (que de paso, elimina la “importancia” de las privatizaciones: algunas de esas empresas se han ido a pique – recuérdese Aerolíneas– ). Y todo no fue “hot money”: ahí están las inversiones españolas. Por cierto, la ligazón industria cae y finanzas sube ¿cómo?¿por qué?
- Because of lax laws already in place, or a lack of them, step 3 and 4 happened on their own, further contributing to a collapse in industrial output, increased cost of life, decreased purchase power and no confidence in the policy. Prices of transport and energy went up since privatization, whilst salaries have stagnated or, in worse cases, shrunk. Free trade has thus further worsened the social conditions together with the inflation of energy and transport prices.
No lo dudo, pero siempre he oído de ustedes que los precios subieron, pero podían pagarlos y mejoró el servicio.
- The problem with the debt had yet to be addressed but it can be deduced that the money obtained from briberisation went toward payments of draconian interests and the refinancing of debts, as well as major sums from reserves.
No sólo eso, parte de los recursos argentinos se fueron a un lugar que no les gusta admitir: tengo pesos (pero yo, argentino, no me fío, quiero dólares), que se cambian 1:1… eso también fue una “briberisation”, más extendida y menos profunda, pero no menos onerosa... porque en la práctica el efecto sobre las reservas de divisas es el mismo que sacarlos del país y el efecto sobra la confianza del peso es pésimo. Los propios argentinos no confían en su moneda y critican a los inversores que tampoco lo hacen. No sé, no sé, muy lógico no lo veo ¿las mismas razones no valen para uno y para otros en este caso?
-And although the IMF policies prove to be defunct, they insist on the free floating of the peso against the dollar as well as the repealing of laws that will further liberalize the capital market such as the Ley 20.840 (commonly referred to as “Economic Subversion” laws). And yet, it takes two to tango.
Pues claro, si no se permite la flotación libre, nada de nada
¿qué significa "it takes two to tango"?
-IMF policies alone cannot damage anyone unless they are implemented and a great responsibility falls upon the administrations of Alfonsín, Menem and De La Rua for following IMF policy blindly, perpetuating the recession that started in the early 1980’s.
Bien, pero en el reparto de culpas, la principal del FMI es no obligar a eliminar el tipo de cambio fijo.
De lo que queda, me lo explicas en castellano que no me ha quedado claro alguna cosa, y prefiero no meter la pata.

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