One thing I picked up from war gaming is Wales looks small but quite difficult to conquer or hold, especially for pre-modern armies with fragile supply lines. Even into the 20th century parts of Wales were a law to themselves.
The reason is the topography is very challenging, there is a lot packed in there, mountains, hills, rivers, marshes and heathland.
You end up going around in circles, which probably explains all the castles, troops having to be left behind to hold crucial points. In the end it just isn't worth it so the area was left to the Welsh for long stretches of its history, similar to the Scottish highlands.
The reason is the topography is very challenging, there is a lot packed in there, mountains, hills, rivers, marshes and heathland.
You end up going around in circles, which probably explains all the castles, troops having to be left behind to hold crucial points. In the end it just isn't worth it so the area was left to the Welsh for long stretches of its history, similar to the Scottish highlands.
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