Here's the joke piece.
Of course, that didn't stop Michelle Malkin from believing it to be real at first...
She's as gullible as DRoseDARs was about racist white chocolate.
Of course, that didn't stop Michelle Malkin from believing it to be real at first...
She's as gullible as DRoseDARs was about racist white chocolate.
HOW TO BUILD AN H-BOMB
======================
Making and owning an H-bomb is the kind of challenge real Americans
seek. Who wants to be a passive victim of nuclear war when, with a little
effort, you can be an active participant? Bomb shelters are for losers.
Who wants to huddle together underground eating canned Spam? Winners want
to push the button themselves. Making your own H-bomb is a big step in
nuclear assertiveness training -- it's called Taking Charge. We're sure
you'll enjoy the risks and the heady thrill of playing nuclear chicken.
INTRODUCTION
============
When the Feds clamped down on The Progressive magazine for attempting
to publish an article on the manufacture of the hydrogen bomb, it piqued
our curiosity. Was it really true that atomic and hydrogen bomb technology
was so simple you could build an H-bomb in your own kitchen? Seven Days
decided to find out. Food editor Barbara Ehrenreich, investigative
reporter Peter Biskind, Photographer Jane Melnick and nuclear scientist
Michio Kaku were given three days to cook up a workable H-bomb. They did
and we have decided to share their culinary secrets with you.
Not that Seven Days supports nuclear terrorism. We don't. We would
prefer to die slowly from familiar poisons like low-level radiation,
microwaves, DDT, DBCP, aflatoxins, PBBs, PBCs, or food dyes, rather than
unexpectedly, say as hostage to a Latvian nationalist brandishing a
homemade bomb. In our view the real terrorists are the governments,
American, Soviet, French, Chinese, and British, that are hoarding H-bombs
for their own use, and worse still, those governments (U.S., French and
German) that are eagerly peddling advanced nuclear technology to countries
like South Africa, Brazil, and Argentina so that they can make their own
bombs. When these bombs are used, and they will be, it will be the world's
big-time nuclear peddlers, along with corporate suppliers like General
Electric, Westinghouse, and Gulf Oil, that we can thank for it. Gagging
The Progressive will do no more for national security than backyard bomb
shelters because like it or not the news is out. The heart of the
successful H-bomb is the successful A-bomb. Once you've got your A-bombs
made the rest if frosting on the cake. All you have to do is set them up
so that when they detonate they'll start off a hydrogen-fusion reaction.
PART I
MAKING YOUR BOMB
================
1. GETTING THE INGREDIENTS
Uranium is the basic ingredient of the A-bomb. When a uranium atom's
nucleus splits apart it releases a tremendous amount of energy (for its
size). And it emits neutrons which go on to split other nearby uranium
nuclei, releasing more energy, in what is called a 'chain reaction'. (When
atoms split, matter is converted into energy according to Einstein's
equation E=mc2. What better way to mark his centennial than with your own
atomic fireworks?)
There are two kinds (isotopes) of uranium: the rare U-235, used in
bombs, and the more common, heavier, but useless U-238. Natural uranium
contains less than 1 percent U-235 and in order to be usable in bombs it
has to be 'enriched' to 90 percent U-235 and only 10 percent U-238.
Plutonium-239 can also be used in bombs as a substitute for U-235. Ten
pounds of U-235 (or slightly less plutonium) is all that is necessary for
a bomb. Less than ten pounds won't give you a critical mass. So purifying
or enriching naturally occurring uranium is likely to be your first big
hurdle. It is infinitely easy to steal ready-to-use enriched uranium or
plutonium than to enrich some yourself. And stealing uranium is not as
hard as it sounds.
There are at least three sources of enriched uranium or plutonium...
Enriched uranium is manufactured at a gaseous diffusion plant in
Portsmouth, Ohio. From there it is shipped in 10 liter bottles by airplane
and trucks to conversion plants that turn it into uranium oxide or uranium
metal. Each 10 liter bottle contains 7 kilograms of U-235, and there are
20 bottles to a typical shipment. Conversion facilities exist at Hematite,
Missouri; Apollo, Pennsylvania; and Erwin, Tennessee. The Kerr-McGee plant
at Crescent Oklahoma -- where Karen Silkwood worked -- was a conversion
plant that 'lost' 40 lbs of plutonium. Enriched uranium can be stolen from
these plants or from fuel-fabricating plants like those in New Haven, San
Diego; or Lynchburg, Virginia. (A former Kerr-McGee supervisor, James V.
Smith, when asked at the Silkwood trial if there were any security
precautions at the plant to prevent theft, testified that 'There were none
of any kind, no guards, no fences, no nothing.')
Plutonium can be obtained from places like United Nuclear in Pawling,
New York; Nuclear Fuel Services in Erwin, Tennessee; General Electric in
Pleasanton, California; Westinghouse in Cheswick, Pennsylvania; Nuclear
Materials and Equipment Corporation (NUMEC) in Leechburg, Pennsylvania;
and plants in Hanfford, Washington and Morris, Illinois. According to
Rolling Stone magazine the Isrealis were involved in the theft of
plutonium from NUMEC.
Finally you can steal enriched uranium or plutonium while it's
en-route from conversion plants to fuel fabricating plants. It is usually
transported (by air or truck) in the form of uranium oxide, a brownish
powder resembling instant coffee, or as a metal, coming in small chunks
called 'broken buttons.' Both forms are shipped in small cans stacked in
5-inch cylinders braced with welded struts in the center of ordinary 55
gallon steel drums. The drums weigh about 100 pounds and are clearly
marked 'Fissible Material' or 'Danger, Plutonium.' A typical shipment
might go from the enrichment plant at Portsmouth, Ohio to the conversion
plant in Hematite Missouri then to Kansas City by truck where it would be
flown to Los Angeles and then trucked down to the General Atomic plant in
San Diego. The plans for the General Atomic plant are on file at the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission's reading room at 1717 H Street NW
Washington. A Xerox machine is provided for the convenience of the public.
If you can't get hold of any enriched uranium you'll have to settle
for commercial grade (20 percent U-235). This can be stolen from
university reactors of a type called TRIGA Mark II, where security is even
more casual than at commercial plants.
If stealing uranium seems too tacky you can buy it. Unenriched
uranium is available at any chemical supply house for $23 a pound.
Commercial grade (3 to 20 percent enriched) is available for $40 a pound
from Gulf Atomic. You'll have to enrich it further yourself. Quite frankly
this can be something of a pain in the ass. You'll need to start with a
little more than 50 pounds of commercial-grade uranium. (It's only 20
percent U-235 at best, and you need 10 pounds of U-235 so... ) But with a
little kitchen-table chemistry you'll be able to convert the solid uranium
oxide you've purchased into a liquid form. Once you've done that, you'll
be able to separate the U-235 that you'll need from the U-238.
First pour a few gallons of concentrated hydrofluoric acid into your
uranium oxide, converting it to uranium tetrafluoride. (Safety note:
Concentrated hydrofluoric acid is so corrosive that it will eat its way
through glass, so store it only in plastic. Used 1-gallon plastic milk
containers will do.) Now you have to convert your uranium tetrafluoride to
uranium hexafluoride, the gaseous form of uranium, which is convenient for
separating out the isotope U-235 from U-238.
To get the hexafluoride form, bubble fluorine gas into your container
of uranium tetrafluoride. Fluorine is available in pressurized tanks from
chemical-supply firms. Be careful how you use it though because fluorine
is several times more deadly than chlorine, the classic World War I poison
gas. Chemists recommend that you carry out this step under a stove hood
(the kind used to remove unpleasant cooking odors).
If you've done your chemistry right you should now have a generous
supply of uranium hexafluoride ready for enriching. In the old
horse-and-buggy days of A-bomb manufacture the enrichment was carried out
by passing the uranium hexafluoride through hundreds of miles of pipes,
tubes, and membranes, until the U-235 was eventually separated from the
U-238. This gaseous-diffusion process, as it was called is difficult,
time-consuming, and expensive. Gaseous-diffusion plants cover hundreds of
acres and cost in the neighborhood of $2-billion each. So forget it.
There are easier and cheaper ways to enrich your uranium.
First transform the gas into a liquid by subjecting it to pressure.
You can use a bicycle pump for this. Then make a simple home centrifuge.
Fill a standard-size bucket one-quarter full of liquid uranium
hexafluoride. Attach a six-foot rope to the bucket handle. Now swing the
rope (and attached bucket) around your head as fast as possible. Keep this
up for about 45 minutes. Slow down gradually, and very gently put the
bucket on the floor. The U-235, which is lighter, will have risen to the
top, where it can be skimmed off like cream. Repeat this step until you
have the required 10 pounds of uranium. (Safety note: Don't put all your
enriched uranium hexafluoride in one bucket. Use at least two or three
buckets and keep them in separate corners of the room. This will prevent
the premature build-up of a critical mass.)
Now it's time to convert your enriched uranium back to metal form.
This is easily enough accomplished by spooning several ladlefuls of
calcium (available in tablet form from your drugstore) into each bucket of
uranium. The calcium will react with the uranium hexafluoride to produce
calcium fluoride, a colorless salt which can be easily be separated from
your pure enriched uranium metal.
A few precautions. Uranium is not dangerously radioactive in the
amounts you'll be handling. If you plan to make more than one bomb it
might be wise to wear gloves and a lead apron, the kind you can buy in
dental supply stores. Plutonium is one of the most toxic substances known.
If inhaled, a thousandth of a gram can cause massive fibrosis of the lungs,
a painful way to go. Even a millionth of a gram in the lungs will cause
cancer. If eaten plutonium is metabolized like calcium. It goes straight
to the bones where it gives out alpha particles preventing bone marrow
from manufacturing red blood cells. The best way to avoid inhaling
plutonium is to hold your breath while handling it. If this is too
difficult wear a mask. To avoid ingesting plutonium orally follow this
simple rule: never make an A-bomb on an empty stomach.
If you find yourself dozing off while you're working, or if you begin
to glow in the dark, it might be wise to take a blood count. ***** your
finger with a sterile pin, place a drop of blood on a microscope slide,
cover it with a cover slip, and examine under a microscope. (Best results
are obtained in the early morning.) When you get leukemia, immature cells
are released into the bloodstream, and usually the number of white cells
increases (though this increase might take almost 2 weeks). Red blood
cells look kind of like donuts (without the hole), and are slightly
smaller than the white cells, each of which has a nucleus. Immature red
cells look similar to white cells (ie. slightly larger and have a
nucleus). If you have more than about 1 white cell (including immatures)
to 400 red cells then start to worry. But depending upon your eventual use
of the bomb, a short life expectancy might not be a problem.
2. ASSEMBLING THE A-BOMB
Now that you've acquired the enriched uranium, all that's left is to
assemble your A-bomb. Go find a couple of stainless steel salad bowls. You
also want to separate your 10 pounds of U-235 into two hunks (keep them
apart!). The idea is to push each half your uranium into the inside of a
bowl.
Take one hunk of your uranium and beat it into the inside of the
first bowl. Uranium is malleable, like gold, so you should have no trouble
hammering it into the bowl to get a good fit. Take another five-pound hunk
of uranium and fit it into a second stainless steel bowl. These two bowls
of U-235 are the 'subcritical masses' which, when brought together
forcefully, will provide the critical mass that makes your A-bomb go.
Keep them a respectful distance apart while working because you don't want
them to 'go critical' on you... At least not yet.
Now hollow out the body of an old vacuum cleaner and place your two
hemispherical bowls inside, open ends facing each other, no less than
seven inches apart, using masking tape to set them up in position. The
reason for the steel bowls and the vacuum cleaner, in case you're
wondering, is that these help reflect the neutrons back into the uranium
for a more efficient explosion. 'A loose neutron is a useless neutron' as
the A-bomb pioneers used to say.
As far as the A-bomb goes you're almost done. The final problem is to
figure out how to get the two U-235 hemispheres to smash into each other
with sufficient force to set off a truly effective fission reaction.
Almost any type of explosive can be used to drive them together.
Gunpowder, for example, is easily made at home from potassium nitrate,
sulfur, and carbon. Or you can get some blasting caps or TNT, buy them or
steal them from a construction site. Best of all is C4 plastic explosive.
You can mold it around your bowls and it's fairly safe to work with (but
it might be wise to shape it around an extra salad bowl in another room
and then fit it to your stainless steel bowls).
Once the explosives are in place all you need to do is hook up a
simple detonation device with a few batteries, a switch, and some wire.
Remember though that it is essential that the two charges, one on each
side of the casing, go off at once. Now put the whole thing in the casing
of an old Hoover vacuum cleaner and you're finished with this part of the
process. The rest is easy.
3. MAKE THREE MORE A-BOMBS FOLLOWING THE DIRECTIONS ABOVE
======================
Making and owning an H-bomb is the kind of challenge real Americans
seek. Who wants to be a passive victim of nuclear war when, with a little
effort, you can be an active participant? Bomb shelters are for losers.
Who wants to huddle together underground eating canned Spam? Winners want
to push the button themselves. Making your own H-bomb is a big step in
nuclear assertiveness training -- it's called Taking Charge. We're sure
you'll enjoy the risks and the heady thrill of playing nuclear chicken.
INTRODUCTION
============
When the Feds clamped down on The Progressive magazine for attempting
to publish an article on the manufacture of the hydrogen bomb, it piqued
our curiosity. Was it really true that atomic and hydrogen bomb technology
was so simple you could build an H-bomb in your own kitchen? Seven Days
decided to find out. Food editor Barbara Ehrenreich, investigative
reporter Peter Biskind, Photographer Jane Melnick and nuclear scientist
Michio Kaku were given three days to cook up a workable H-bomb. They did
and we have decided to share their culinary secrets with you.
Not that Seven Days supports nuclear terrorism. We don't. We would
prefer to die slowly from familiar poisons like low-level radiation,
microwaves, DDT, DBCP, aflatoxins, PBBs, PBCs, or food dyes, rather than
unexpectedly, say as hostage to a Latvian nationalist brandishing a
homemade bomb. In our view the real terrorists are the governments,
American, Soviet, French, Chinese, and British, that are hoarding H-bombs
for their own use, and worse still, those governments (U.S., French and
German) that are eagerly peddling advanced nuclear technology to countries
like South Africa, Brazil, and Argentina so that they can make their own
bombs. When these bombs are used, and they will be, it will be the world's
big-time nuclear peddlers, along with corporate suppliers like General
Electric, Westinghouse, and Gulf Oil, that we can thank for it. Gagging
The Progressive will do no more for national security than backyard bomb
shelters because like it or not the news is out. The heart of the
successful H-bomb is the successful A-bomb. Once you've got your A-bombs
made the rest if frosting on the cake. All you have to do is set them up
so that when they detonate they'll start off a hydrogen-fusion reaction.
PART I
MAKING YOUR BOMB
================
1. GETTING THE INGREDIENTS
Uranium is the basic ingredient of the A-bomb. When a uranium atom's
nucleus splits apart it releases a tremendous amount of energy (for its
size). And it emits neutrons which go on to split other nearby uranium
nuclei, releasing more energy, in what is called a 'chain reaction'. (When
atoms split, matter is converted into energy according to Einstein's
equation E=mc2. What better way to mark his centennial than with your own
atomic fireworks?)
There are two kinds (isotopes) of uranium: the rare U-235, used in
bombs, and the more common, heavier, but useless U-238. Natural uranium
contains less than 1 percent U-235 and in order to be usable in bombs it
has to be 'enriched' to 90 percent U-235 and only 10 percent U-238.
Plutonium-239 can also be used in bombs as a substitute for U-235. Ten
pounds of U-235 (or slightly less plutonium) is all that is necessary for
a bomb. Less than ten pounds won't give you a critical mass. So purifying
or enriching naturally occurring uranium is likely to be your first big
hurdle. It is infinitely easy to steal ready-to-use enriched uranium or
plutonium than to enrich some yourself. And stealing uranium is not as
hard as it sounds.
There are at least three sources of enriched uranium or plutonium...
Enriched uranium is manufactured at a gaseous diffusion plant in
Portsmouth, Ohio. From there it is shipped in 10 liter bottles by airplane
and trucks to conversion plants that turn it into uranium oxide or uranium
metal. Each 10 liter bottle contains 7 kilograms of U-235, and there are
20 bottles to a typical shipment. Conversion facilities exist at Hematite,
Missouri; Apollo, Pennsylvania; and Erwin, Tennessee. The Kerr-McGee plant
at Crescent Oklahoma -- where Karen Silkwood worked -- was a conversion
plant that 'lost' 40 lbs of plutonium. Enriched uranium can be stolen from
these plants or from fuel-fabricating plants like those in New Haven, San
Diego; or Lynchburg, Virginia. (A former Kerr-McGee supervisor, James V.
Smith, when asked at the Silkwood trial if there were any security
precautions at the plant to prevent theft, testified that 'There were none
of any kind, no guards, no fences, no nothing.')
Plutonium can be obtained from places like United Nuclear in Pawling,
New York; Nuclear Fuel Services in Erwin, Tennessee; General Electric in
Pleasanton, California; Westinghouse in Cheswick, Pennsylvania; Nuclear
Materials and Equipment Corporation (NUMEC) in Leechburg, Pennsylvania;
and plants in Hanfford, Washington and Morris, Illinois. According to
Rolling Stone magazine the Isrealis were involved in the theft of
plutonium from NUMEC.
Finally you can steal enriched uranium or plutonium while it's
en-route from conversion plants to fuel fabricating plants. It is usually
transported (by air or truck) in the form of uranium oxide, a brownish
powder resembling instant coffee, or as a metal, coming in small chunks
called 'broken buttons.' Both forms are shipped in small cans stacked in
5-inch cylinders braced with welded struts in the center of ordinary 55
gallon steel drums. The drums weigh about 100 pounds and are clearly
marked 'Fissible Material' or 'Danger, Plutonium.' A typical shipment
might go from the enrichment plant at Portsmouth, Ohio to the conversion
plant in Hematite Missouri then to Kansas City by truck where it would be
flown to Los Angeles and then trucked down to the General Atomic plant in
San Diego. The plans for the General Atomic plant are on file at the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission's reading room at 1717 H Street NW
Washington. A Xerox machine is provided for the convenience of the public.
If you can't get hold of any enriched uranium you'll have to settle
for commercial grade (20 percent U-235). This can be stolen from
university reactors of a type called TRIGA Mark II, where security is even
more casual than at commercial plants.
If stealing uranium seems too tacky you can buy it. Unenriched
uranium is available at any chemical supply house for $23 a pound.
Commercial grade (3 to 20 percent enriched) is available for $40 a pound
from Gulf Atomic. You'll have to enrich it further yourself. Quite frankly
this can be something of a pain in the ass. You'll need to start with a
little more than 50 pounds of commercial-grade uranium. (It's only 20
percent U-235 at best, and you need 10 pounds of U-235 so... ) But with a
little kitchen-table chemistry you'll be able to convert the solid uranium
oxide you've purchased into a liquid form. Once you've done that, you'll
be able to separate the U-235 that you'll need from the U-238.
First pour a few gallons of concentrated hydrofluoric acid into your
uranium oxide, converting it to uranium tetrafluoride. (Safety note:
Concentrated hydrofluoric acid is so corrosive that it will eat its way
through glass, so store it only in plastic. Used 1-gallon plastic milk
containers will do.) Now you have to convert your uranium tetrafluoride to
uranium hexafluoride, the gaseous form of uranium, which is convenient for
separating out the isotope U-235 from U-238.
To get the hexafluoride form, bubble fluorine gas into your container
of uranium tetrafluoride. Fluorine is available in pressurized tanks from
chemical-supply firms. Be careful how you use it though because fluorine
is several times more deadly than chlorine, the classic World War I poison
gas. Chemists recommend that you carry out this step under a stove hood
(the kind used to remove unpleasant cooking odors).
If you've done your chemistry right you should now have a generous
supply of uranium hexafluoride ready for enriching. In the old
horse-and-buggy days of A-bomb manufacture the enrichment was carried out
by passing the uranium hexafluoride through hundreds of miles of pipes,
tubes, and membranes, until the U-235 was eventually separated from the
U-238. This gaseous-diffusion process, as it was called is difficult,
time-consuming, and expensive. Gaseous-diffusion plants cover hundreds of
acres and cost in the neighborhood of $2-billion each. So forget it.
There are easier and cheaper ways to enrich your uranium.
First transform the gas into a liquid by subjecting it to pressure.
You can use a bicycle pump for this. Then make a simple home centrifuge.
Fill a standard-size bucket one-quarter full of liquid uranium
hexafluoride. Attach a six-foot rope to the bucket handle. Now swing the
rope (and attached bucket) around your head as fast as possible. Keep this
up for about 45 minutes. Slow down gradually, and very gently put the
bucket on the floor. The U-235, which is lighter, will have risen to the
top, where it can be skimmed off like cream. Repeat this step until you
have the required 10 pounds of uranium. (Safety note: Don't put all your
enriched uranium hexafluoride in one bucket. Use at least two or three
buckets and keep them in separate corners of the room. This will prevent
the premature build-up of a critical mass.)
Now it's time to convert your enriched uranium back to metal form.
This is easily enough accomplished by spooning several ladlefuls of
calcium (available in tablet form from your drugstore) into each bucket of
uranium. The calcium will react with the uranium hexafluoride to produce
calcium fluoride, a colorless salt which can be easily be separated from
your pure enriched uranium metal.
A few precautions. Uranium is not dangerously radioactive in the
amounts you'll be handling. If you plan to make more than one bomb it
might be wise to wear gloves and a lead apron, the kind you can buy in
dental supply stores. Plutonium is one of the most toxic substances known.
If inhaled, a thousandth of a gram can cause massive fibrosis of the lungs,
a painful way to go. Even a millionth of a gram in the lungs will cause
cancer. If eaten plutonium is metabolized like calcium. It goes straight
to the bones where it gives out alpha particles preventing bone marrow
from manufacturing red blood cells. The best way to avoid inhaling
plutonium is to hold your breath while handling it. If this is too
difficult wear a mask. To avoid ingesting plutonium orally follow this
simple rule: never make an A-bomb on an empty stomach.
If you find yourself dozing off while you're working, or if you begin
to glow in the dark, it might be wise to take a blood count. ***** your
finger with a sterile pin, place a drop of blood on a microscope slide,
cover it with a cover slip, and examine under a microscope. (Best results
are obtained in the early morning.) When you get leukemia, immature cells
are released into the bloodstream, and usually the number of white cells
increases (though this increase might take almost 2 weeks). Red blood
cells look kind of like donuts (without the hole), and are slightly
smaller than the white cells, each of which has a nucleus. Immature red
cells look similar to white cells (ie. slightly larger and have a
nucleus). If you have more than about 1 white cell (including immatures)
to 400 red cells then start to worry. But depending upon your eventual use
of the bomb, a short life expectancy might not be a problem.
2. ASSEMBLING THE A-BOMB
Now that you've acquired the enriched uranium, all that's left is to
assemble your A-bomb. Go find a couple of stainless steel salad bowls. You
also want to separate your 10 pounds of U-235 into two hunks (keep them
apart!). The idea is to push each half your uranium into the inside of a
bowl.
Take one hunk of your uranium and beat it into the inside of the
first bowl. Uranium is malleable, like gold, so you should have no trouble
hammering it into the bowl to get a good fit. Take another five-pound hunk
of uranium and fit it into a second stainless steel bowl. These two bowls
of U-235 are the 'subcritical masses' which, when brought together
forcefully, will provide the critical mass that makes your A-bomb go.
Keep them a respectful distance apart while working because you don't want
them to 'go critical' on you... At least not yet.
Now hollow out the body of an old vacuum cleaner and place your two
hemispherical bowls inside, open ends facing each other, no less than
seven inches apart, using masking tape to set them up in position. The
reason for the steel bowls and the vacuum cleaner, in case you're
wondering, is that these help reflect the neutrons back into the uranium
for a more efficient explosion. 'A loose neutron is a useless neutron' as
the A-bomb pioneers used to say.
As far as the A-bomb goes you're almost done. The final problem is to
figure out how to get the two U-235 hemispheres to smash into each other
with sufficient force to set off a truly effective fission reaction.
Almost any type of explosive can be used to drive them together.
Gunpowder, for example, is easily made at home from potassium nitrate,
sulfur, and carbon. Or you can get some blasting caps or TNT, buy them or
steal them from a construction site. Best of all is C4 plastic explosive.
You can mold it around your bowls and it's fairly safe to work with (but
it might be wise to shape it around an extra salad bowl in another room
and then fit it to your stainless steel bowls).
Once the explosives are in place all you need to do is hook up a
simple detonation device with a few batteries, a switch, and some wire.
Remember though that it is essential that the two charges, one on each
side of the casing, go off at once. Now put the whole thing in the casing
of an old Hoover vacuum cleaner and you're finished with this part of the
process. The rest is easy.
3. MAKE THREE MORE A-BOMBS FOLLOWING THE DIRECTIONS ABOVE
Comment