Toussaint L'Ouverture and the Haitian Revolution [PLAYTEST VERSION ONLY]
Scenario by Blackclove / Peter Delaney
delaney@psy.fsu.edu or blackclove@mail.geocities.com

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CONTENTS
  I.  What's Unique About This Scenario?  (New Rules, Etc.)
  II.  Historical Overview and Introduction
  III.  Notes on Placement of Cities/Islands
  IV.  Caribbean Terrain
  V.  Military Units and Historical Figures:  Stats
  VI.  Wonders of the World and Improvements
  VII.  Sources and Credits

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***    What's Unique / New Rules     ***
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Things you need to know about the initial situation:

  1)  You must play at Deity level or some of the events won't work properly.

  2)  It's meant to be played as the Haitians, although you can play pretty much anyone if you really want.  The English, French and Spanish are all a lot easier than the Haitians.  The USA is land-locked and exists mostly to trade tech with.

  3)  Calendar:  The years look strange because monthly time scales were really too long for the map scale, while yearly time scales were too short.  I created four turns per year by having events that announce the changes of the years and four seasons per year.

  4)  There are several "leader" units and these are extremely important to winning.  You will need to keep them alive if you want to rule.

  5)  The "waterfall" terrain -- a very important square that grants a ton of production.  Used to help the Haitians compete by giving them very fast production for wonders, units, etc.

  6)  Initially, Haiti is very disorganized.  You should quickly seize as many of the black (barbarian) cities as you can and then consolidate your power base.

  7)  Capturing Cap de France is VERY important.  If you manage to do so, you will get the "Fini de L'Esclavage" wonder, which will solve your unhappiness problems for a while.

  8)  You are a despotism at the start.  Becoming a monarchy is a very important step... but you don't have the tech for it.

  9)  SHIPS:  All ships are "trireme-like".  This was to simulate storms and other dangers for ships in this time period, such as pirates.  It also prevents the Haitians from doing too much colonizing of their own.  This is supposed to be about conquering Haiti and the Dominican Republic, not about sacking the entire Caribbean.  The other ports are mostly there to produce enemy ships to attack you.
Feel free to attack them if you run out of Haiti, though.

 10)  There are several technologies that are Haiti-specific that you should probably not trade.  If you do trade them, you run the risk of having some of the Wonders be built by other civilizations.  These include "New Constitution" which lets you build the Haitian Constitution, "Haiti Naval Defense" which lets you build mountain forts (work like coastal fortresses), and "Horse Traders" (which lets you acquire cavalry).  On the other hand, trading these can get you some
nifty modern tech from the European nations.
           

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*** Historical Overview and Introduction ***
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     The revolution in Haiti was not unimportant.  It had major effects on the lives of people in France, the United States, Spain and England.  However, it has faded from memory because it took place during a time when other exciting events were transpiring, in particular the American experiment with democracy, the French revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, the beginning of the end of slavery in Europe, and westward expansion in the United States.  Prime among the historical personages involved in the Haitian Revolution was a black general named Toussaint L'Ouverture.
     The story of Toussaint L'Ouverture began to fascinate me when I saw a photograph of the painting I reproduced as the title.gif file:  A strong man of West African descent, dressed in a Napoleonic Era military uniform and riding a charger.  He looks like a figure out of some kind of fantasy story, unaccustomed as we are to seeing black men in colonial-era military garb.  Surprisingly little has been written about this man, but nearly everything I have seen makes him out to be a larger-than-life hero who was both a talented military leader and a great civilian leader.  I can't help but liken him to his contemporary, George Washington.  Toussaint skillfully played off the European powers and the factions within his own fledgling nation to found the second republic in America, Haiti.  By fighting for and against the British, Spanish, and French at different times, and even once allying with the Americans to repel the British, he was able to gain enough power to oust his enemies and free Haiti.  Under his leadership massive public works projects began and amazingly he even managed to get the whites to support him.  At the height of his power, Toussaint was the ruler over all of Haiti and the Dominican Republic -- essentially the entire island of Hispaniola.
     The USA was terrified of Toussaint's victories.  Thomas Jefferson in particular lobbied unsuccessfully to cut off ties with Haiti and not allow free blacks to enter American ports.  He and other southern planters feared a slave revolt could happen here, too.  The trade was too profitable and Congress refused to stop it, though.  Ironically, the Louisiana Purchase, which allowed the USA to literally double its size, was the direct result of Toussaint's victory -- which Jefferson had opposed at every step by allying with France.  Without Haiti to maintain a strong military presence, Napoleon felt he could not hold Louisiana by force.  Plus, after years of French Revolution and Napoleonic wars, he had bankrupted one of the richest nations on Earth.  He sold the entire territory to Jefferson for a mere $15 million.  Jefferson is today remembered as one of our greatest presidents, partly on the strength of the purchase.  Ironically, without the Haitians who he feared and despised, Jefferson would probably be remembered no better than any other
early president.
     Toussaint's victory was not to last.  In real life and in the scenario, General Charles LeClerc arrives in February of 1802 to try to conquer the island for France once again.  LeClerc was sent directly by Napoleon with 20,000 troops, including many conscripts from Poland and Switzerland.  He conquered the island after losing nearly 40,000 of Napoleon's men.  When yellow fever wiped out many of his soldiers, the Haitians once again rebelled and restored their republic. By this time, though, LeClerc had captured Toussaint by offering him a truce and then seizing him under the white flag.  Sadly, the men who followed Toussaint were not of his calibre.  Dessalines and Christophe, two generals who fought with Toussaint, both later became Emperors of Haiti.  They raped the country and between their brutality and the terrible wars fought there the nation has never recovered.  Today it is one of the poorest nations in the world, wracked by civil wars and tyrrany.

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***   Placement of Cities/Islands    ***
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     The map has been deformed in a few places to make some of the more important islands fit.  This is especially true of the southern island chain where the bahamas are located.  Hispaniola, where Haiti is, has been enlarged slightly to reflect its importance in this scenario.  Most of the cities on the island are accurately placed according to LeClerc's maps, but a few have been moved or omitted to make the city placement more even.  Cities on other islands are not necessarily placed accurately, and may reflect the population of the entire island.  This shouldn't matter, as historically Haiti did not invade its neighbors; they had enough trouble on their own island!  These other ports mostly serve as locations to produce European troops for invasion.  They aren't worth objective points and so won't help you win directly, anyway.
     I drew the map myself.

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***       Caribbean Terrain          ***
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     It should become apparent fairly fast that the terrain has changed somewhat.  Most of the terrains are familiar, but the graphics have been altered slightly.  I tried to give the Caribbean a softer, more pastel look than ordinary Civ II.  Of the "new" terrains, the most obvious are the sugarcane plants, which I used to replace resourced grasslands.  Nearly as conspicuous are the palm trees.  One type of palm tree replaces forests, but this is merely cosmetic.  The other grows on the coastal plains near the shores and produce coconuts.  I also replaced a lot of the special resources with more appropriate ones; there were no buffalo in the Caribbean islands, for example, but there is tobacco.  Full details are available through the Civilopedia.
     I was surprised to learn how much of the island terrain is mountainous, and how much of the interior is actually fairly arid.  I tried to represent beaches and dry regions by using plains, while moist terrain is represented by palm forests, jungles, grasslands and sugarcane.  It was common for invading armies to quickly capture many port cities, which existed on the coastal plains, but to have trouble moving further inland on the larger islands where mountains made attacking difficult.  So, the terrain is fairly historically accurate.  For Haiti and the Dominican Republic, it is quite close to the maps LeClerc drew.  For some of the other islands, particularly Cuba, I was much less careful and worked only from Rand McNally, so they're not as accurate or detailed.
     The "waterfall" terrain exists solely to give the Haitians a big production bonus for one of their cities.  You will need to defend this location rather zealously if you expect to win.  It's very helpful when trying to build some of your wonders.

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***        Military Units            ***
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Unit stats can be found in the Civilopedia, but here's a run-down on
the units available in the game.  Ones Haitians can build are marked
with an asterisk (*).

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STANDARD UNITS
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 Workers(*):  Guys with pickaxes (settlers).  Good for road-making.

 Maroons:  Many Africans who escaped from slavery took up arms and tried to return to their African way of life, often trading with or marrying the indians.  These Africans were called Maroons.
 
 Conscripts:  European soldiers forced to fight.  Usually these are from subject peoples or colonies (i.e., they are irregulars).

 Infantry(*):  Haitian infantry wears blue (they're the black guys).  European infantry is identical except for skin color (they're the white guys).

 E Adv Infantry:  Europeans can eventually build a superior infantry unit.  These represent European units hardened by battle.

 Cavalry(*):  Like infantry, there are Haitian and European versions.  They are fast and strike hard, but are worse on defense (you can shoot the horses).  For Haitians, you will need to find a way to import horses before you can build your own cavalry.

 Cannons(*):  Fire cannonballs.  These are old-style cannons.

 Artillery(*):  Europeans have superior cannon that are rifled, etc.  You can get them as Haitians with the proper technology.

 Former Slaves(*):  They know the region well and are very fast, but also very wimpy.  Best used to quell revolts.  You sometimes get free former slave units if you are the Haitians.

 Frigate(*):  Anyone can make frigates, but they are expensive.  Good for shore bombardment, especially against weak units.  Keep your ships near shore.  Ships are treated as triremes and can sink if away from land.

 2-Deck Warship/3-Deck Warship(*):  Ships of the line.  Expensive to build.  You will need a tech to make them if you are the Haitians.  Keep your ships near shore.  Ships are treated as triremes and can sink if away from land.

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HISTORICAL FIGURES
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 LeClerc [French]:  LeClerc arrives later in the game.  He's Napoleon's cousin.

 Toussaint [Haitian]:  Toussaint L'Ouverture is the leader of the Haitian resistance.

 Dessalines [Haitian]:  One of Toussaint's lieutenants.

 Christophe [Haitian]:  One of Toussaint's lieutenants.

 Rigaud [Southern]:  A southern planter whose charisma put him in charge of most of the southern province at one time.

 Gen Gonzales [Spanish]:  This is the only fictional character in the scenario... I was unable to find the name of the general of the Spanish forces on Hispaniola, so I used a friend's name instead.

 Admiral Sir Jervis [British]:  Admiral Jervis is a masterful naval tactician who wreaked havoc on the French islands.

 General Sir Grey [British]:  Commander of the British forces on Haiti.  In real life, he began with Admiral Sir Jervis and first attacked Martinique and Guadeloupe, only turning to Haiti later.

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***     Improvements and Wonders     ***
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IMPROVEMENTS
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  Recruiting Posters:  Allow you to recruit larger, more seasoned groups of soldiers, producing veterans.

  Sugar Plantation:  Sugar was the chief crop grown throughout the Caribbean and was the chief source of wealth in Haiti.  Speeds the growth of the cities by giving people work.

  Church and Cathedral:  Makes people happier.

  Market and Bank:  Increases cash and luxuries.

  University:  Universities were the main centers of knowledge in the 19th century.

  Public School System:  Public schooling began about this time and made knowledge more available to the general public.  Increases knowledge beyond University bonus.

  Fortifications:  City wall equivalent.

  Court of Law:  Courthouse; reduce corruption and waste.

  Aqueduct, Sewer System:  Allow cities to grow larger.

  Factory:  With the advent of the industrial era, cities were able to produce much more through the use of the factories.

  Munitions Plant:  These were the most important factories in the early 19th century, spewing out weapons.  Bonus to production.
 
  Water Wheel:  Water power was harnessed to power the factories, increasing production.

  Stock Exchange:  The first stock exchange was built in London around this time.

  Fishing Fleet:  Adds +1 food for each ocean square.

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WONDERS
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  Napoleonic Code:  +1 Happy in every city.

  Birthplace of the Flag of Haiti:  Extra trade.

  Columbus' Landing Site:  Christopher Columbus first landed on Hispaniola when he arrived in the New World.  No effect, just a symbol.

  The Inquisition:  Believe it or not, the Spanish Inquisition was still on during this time period, though it was winding down.  Doubles effect of churches.

  Washington D. C.:  The United States began construction on Washington D.C. as a way to make the capital centrally located.  Formerly, it was in Philadelphia.  Enemy civs must offer cease-fire.

  Yellow Fever:  This wonder represents the effects of disease on troops that are not seasoned.  All troops produced by the civilization that controls this Wonder are veterans.

  Declaration of the Rights of Man:  This document was one of the first to describe universal human rights.  It was a source for the U.S. Bill of Rights and an important factor in the end of slavery. Increases Paris' production (artificial way of simulating Paris' power).

  International Recognition:  Once Haiti gains international recognition, she is treated as a nation with the right to negotiate treaties and to make agreements with other countries on issues such as trade.  You get an embassy with all other countries and everyone must make peace with you.

  French Enlightenment:  Represents Enlightenment thinking in France.  Adds extra research.

  Shakespeare's Theatre:  There was a major Shakespearean Theatre located in Jamaica.  It has the usual game effect.

  British Enlightenment:  Represents Enlightenment thinking in the UK.  Adds extra research.

  Haitian Sugar Tax:  The Sugar Tax is Adam Smith's.

  Statue of Liberty:  The usual game effect.  It was a gift from France to the USA.

  Fini de L'Esclavage:  "End of Slavery".  The French banned slavery throughout the Empire during the French Revolution.  It is an extremely important Wonder, counting as a Cathedral in each of your cities.

  Industrial Revolution:  Symbolizes the beginning of the industrial revolution by greatly increasing production for the first civ to build it.  It's up for grabs at the outset.

  Enlightenment in America:  Represents Enlightenment thinking's spread to the Americas.  Increases knowledge output in all your cities.

  Haitian Constitution:  An important document based on the US Constitution.  You can draft one when you get the right advance.  Adds +1 happy citizen to every one of your cities.

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***       Sources and Credits        ***
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     I relied heavily on Jan Rogozinski's "A Brief History of the Carribean" for the history of the period, and on Lerone Bennett's classic "Before the Mayflower:  A History of Black America".  Both of these are available through most bookstores (including Amazon.com).  I also found Stinchcombe's "Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment" very helpful for general information about colonialism and the chronology of events in the sugar islands.  He also provided several interesting details about the geography of Haiti and the Dominican Republic, as well as suggesting trade goods.  For rhetoric from a clearly pro-Haitian and anti-Haitian source, I recommend Cesaire's pro-black "Toussaint Louverture" (this is in French) and Stoddard's anti-black "The French Revolution in San Domingo".  Invaluable for maps and military information were General LeClerc's letters, collected (again, in French) as "Lettres du General LeClerc" by La Societe de L'Histoire des Colonies Francaises (1937).  I also visited a ton of Haiti-related web sites, with limited success.  One good article appeared on a black history web site.  As far as military specifics, there are few records of the details of the wars fought over Haiti and the other colonies.  Historians that study that general time period are much more interested in the American Revolution, French Revolution, and Napoleonic Wars.  I tried whenever possible to have the main characters appear at the proper times, esp. LeClerc and Toussaint, but some dates are different in different source volumes.  The art came from various sources around the net and from the Napoleon scenario provided by Microprose.  I drew the map based on several different maps.  I hope I got the cities right.  Maps from that time are even more scarce than accounts of battles.

