;
;
;Ulitimate Civ II - Civilopedia Descriptions Text File -- Copyright (c) 1997 MicroProse Software, Inc. 
;
;This file contains the descriptions of all the Civilization Advances, City Improvements, Wonders of
;the World, Units, and Game Concepts displayed in the Civilopedia. It is designed to be adaptable to
;conform to customized scenarios by the replacing existing text with scenario-specific text.
;
;PLEASE MAKE A COPY OF THE ORIGINAL TEXT FILE BEFORE YOU MAKE ANY CHANGES!
;
;
;

@ADVANCE_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: This section consists (verbatim) of the following files from the original Civilopedia, ;strung together to make one contiguous section: ADVANC1.PDE, ADVANC2.PDE, ADVANC3.PDE,
;and ADVANC4.PDE. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Amphibious Warfare will be the 55'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@ADVANCE_INDEX			
0,	;American,     
1,	;USA: Declaration of War,          
54,	;Georgi K. Zhukov,
2,	;Royal Army,          
3,	;Royal Airforce,	   
4,	;Albert Speer,          
5,	;Royal Navy,       
6,	;Infrastructure,         
7,	;Fleet Air Arm,       
8,	;Prostitution,          
9,	;Werner von Braun,             
10,	;US Army,    
11,	;Red Army, 
55,	;Erich Hartmann,   
12,	;Andrej Wlassow,  
13,	;Soviet,         
14,	;Tankograd,     
15,	;Red Airforce,,         
16,	;Propaganda,       
17,	;J. Edgar Hoover,    
18,	;8. USAF,    
19,	;Curtis Le May,   
56,	;Blitzkrieg,         
20,	;Industry 2,         
21,	;German,            
22,	;Neue Ordnung,     
57,	;Uran Projekt,  
58,	;Abwehr,          
23,	;Otto Kretschmer,         
24,	;Walter Nowotny,   
25,	;Pratt&Whitney R-2800,               
59,	;Hans-Joachim Marseille,   
26,	;Finance,  
27,	;Fighter Command,  
60,	;Guerrilla Warfare,         
79,	;No,      
80,	;James F. Somerville,   
81,	;Bomber Command,         
82,	;Communism,          
83,	;No,    
28,	;Heinz Guderian,           
61,	;Erwin Rommel,         
62,	;Rocket Artillery,         
29,	;Erich von Manstein,      
63,	;Escort Fighter,  
30,	;Industry 1,       
31,	;Coastal Command,
32,	;Great Patriotic War,
33,	;Adalbert Schnee,   
34,	;Bernhard Montgomery,      
35,	;America-Bomber,
36,	;Synthetic-Fuel-Works,        
64,	;Richard Sorge,          
65,	;Hero Of The Soviet Union,       
37,	;Ivan S. Konev, 
66,	;Konrad Zuse,
38,	;Albert Einstein,          
39,	;Not German,    
40,	;Werner Heisenberg,       
41,	;Otto Hahn,       
42,	;NKVD,  
43,	;Fallschirmjger,   
44,	;Unmgliche Tech,    
-1,	;International,
68,	;Artillery, 
45,	;US Navy,      
69,	;Not Spanish/Neutral/French,             
46,	;Z-Plan,          
47,	;Hans-Ulrich Rudel,         
48,	;Not British,       
70,	;Agriculture,  
49,	;Rolls Royce Merlin,  
50,	;Dwight D. Eisenhower,    
51,	;Mobile Artillery,     
71,	;Luftwaffe,      
72,	;Rolls Royce Welland,           
52,	;ASDIC,  
73,	;Spanish,   
53,	;ULTRA,      
84,	;French             
85,	;Neutral,
74,	;George S. Patton,  
75,	;Broadcast,  
86,	;Kriegsmarine,    
87,	;Trade,             
88,	;Airborne, 
76,	;Convoy-System,          
77,	;Marines,
78,	;Axis Berlin-Rom,    
67,	;Future Technology,
-1,	;Wonder Weapons,     
-1,	;Long-range Reconnaissance,   
-1,	;Lend-Lease Plan,  
-1,	;Not American,    
-1,	;Not Soviet,    
-1,	;Not French,  
-1,	;Michael Wittmann,      
-1,	;British,       
-1,	;Graf Stauffenberg,    
-1,	;Science Breakthrough,
-2,	;MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@American
National Technology
 
@@USA: Declaration of War
Congressional Declaration of War on Germany 
December 11, 1941

The President's Message
To the Congress of the United States:

On the morning of Dec. 11 the Government of Germany, pursuing its course of world conquest, declared war against the United States. The long-known and the long-expected has thus taken place. The forces endeavoring to enslave the entire world now are moving toward this hemisphere. Never before has there been a greater challenge to life, liberty and civilization. Delay invites great danger. Rapid and united effort by all of the peoples of the world who are determined to remain free will insure a world victory of the forces of justice and of righteousness over the forces of savagery and of barbarism. Italy also has declared war against the United States.
I therefore request the Congress to recognize a state of war between the United States and Germany, and between the United States and Italy.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

@@Royal Army
In 1939 Nazi Germany proposed to shift Poland's eastern borders. Having a British and French guarantee of protection, the Polish government refused. Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany. 
Immediately upon the outbreak of war, the Army began the despatch of the British Expeditionary Force to France to aid in its defence. At first only regular troops from the pre-war Army made up its numbers. In 1940, however, men of the Territorial Army divisions being mobilised in the UK were sent over. In the end, the BEF had I, II and III Corps under its command, controlling some 14 divisions.

@@Royal Airforce
A defining period of the RAF's existence came during the Battle of Britain. Over the summer of 1940 the RAF held off the Luftwaffe in an air war, perhaps the first of its kind, contributing immensely to the delay and cancellation of Germany's planned invasion of England (Operation Sea Lion) and helping to turn the tide of World War II.
Churchill famously honoured the RAF who fought the battle saying that "Never in the field of human conflict has so much been owed by so many to so few". The pilots who fought the battle were referred to as "The Few" from then on.

@@Albert Speer
Albert Speer, the son of an architect, was born in Mannheim on 19th March, 1905. After studying architecture at the Munich Institute of Technology and at the Berlin-Charlottenburg Institute, he became an architect in 1927.
In 1932 Speer joined the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) and shortly afterwards became a member of the Schutz Staffeinel (SS). Adolf Hitler met Speer in July 1933 and gave him the task of organizing the 1934 Nuremberg Rally. 
Hitler was impressed by Speer's achievements and commissioned the design of the German exhibit at the Paris Exhibition in 1937, the Reich Chancellery in Berlin and the Party Palace in Nuremberg.
In February, 1942, Adolf Hitler appointed Speer as Minister of Armaments. A good administrator, Speer considerably raised production levels of armaments. Working closely with Karl Doenitz Speer was able to announce that Germany was producing 42 U-boats a month by 1945.
At the end of the Second World War Speer was arrested and was charged with using slave labour in his production programmes. Speer pleaded guilty and was sentenced to twenty five years in prison. 

@@Royal Navy
The Royal Navy has historically played an extremely important role in the defence of the UK and the British Empire. Because no point in the UK is more than 74 miles (120 km) from the sea, any enemy power that achieved naval superiority would put the nation in great peril. Moreover, a strong navy was vital in maintaining supply and communication links with distant locations in the Empire.
During World War II, the Royal Navy played a vital role in keeping the UK supplied with food, arms and raw materials. See Battle of the Atlantic (1940). It was also vital in guarding the sea lanes that enabled Britain to fight in remote parts of the world such as North Africa, the Mediterranean and the Far East. Naval supremacy was vital to the amphibious operations carried out, such as the invasions of West Africa, Sicily, Italy and Normandy. See British military history of World War II.

@@Infrastructure

@@Fleet Air Arm
In 1937, The Naval Air Branch, later known as the Fleet Air Arm, was returned eventually to Admiralty control.  
At the onset of the Second World War, the Fleet Air Arm consisted of 20 Squadrons and 232 aircraft on strength. 
World War 2 gave a new impetus to naval flying which gradually changed naval tactics from a ship versus ship conflict to aircraft versus ships, with devastating effect. The crippling of the Italian Fleet in Taranto Harbour by Swordfish biplanes carrying torpedoes in a night attack in 1940 was undoubtedly the most notable Fleet Air Arm success of the war, although the FAA served in almost every theatre of the second world war, taking part in the Battle of France, low countries and the Britain, Battle of Atlantic, Russian convoys, Invasion of Madagascar, North Africa, Libyan Desert campaigns, invasion of Sicily, Italy, and Southern France, D-day Normandy invasion, Battle of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and the invasion of Japan. The FAA was also instrumental in sinking the greatest tonnage of enemy shipping, and was one of the main weapons against the U-Boat. 
By the end of the World War 2 the strength of the Fleet Air Arm was: 59 aircraft carriers, 3,700 aircraft, 72,000 officers and men and 56 air stations all over the world. The aircraft carrier had replaced the battleship as the Fleet's capital ship and its aircraft were strike weapons in their own .

@@Prostitution

@@Werner von Braun
Famous Scientist: Werner von Braun
A large facility was erected at the village of Peenemnde in northeastern Germany on the Baltic Sea. Dornberger became military commander and von Braun was technical director. They undertook successful liquid-fueled aircraft and jet-assisted takeoffs. They developed the long-range ballistic missile A-4 and supersonic anti-aircraft missile named Wasserfall. 
Fourteen months after Hitler ordered it into production, the first combat A-4, now called the V-2 was launched toward western Europe on September 7, 1944. When the first V-2 hit London von Braun remarked to his colleagues, "The rocket worked perfectly except for landing on the wrong planet."

@@US Army
Famous soldier: Audie Murphy
Audie Murphy served in the 3rd Infantry Division and was the most decorated American combat soldier of World War II. He killed 240 enemy soldiers, was wounded three times, and earned an astonishing 33 awards and medals, including the Medal of Honor. Even France and Belgium presented him with 5 decorations. Later he was a Hollywood Star.

@@Red Army
The Red Army is the name given to the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union after the disintegration of the Tsarist forces in 1917. "Red" referred to the shed blood of the working class. The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Raboche-Kriestianskaya Krasnaya Armia) was created by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars on February 23, 1918 from the already-existing Red Guard. This date was an important national holiday in the Soviet Union. Leon Trotsky, the Soviet Union's commissar for war from 1918 to 1924 is often regarded as its founder. At the beginning it was a voluntary formation, without ranks and insignia. At the very beginning the officers were democratically elected. Later the obligatory military service was introduced and every unit was assigned Political Commissar, or politruk. 
The institute of professional officers, abandoned as a "heritage of tsarism", was restored in 1935. During the Great Purges of 1937-1939 and later nearly all higher officers were repressed. 
At the moment of the Nazi Germany assault on the USSR the Red Army numbered around 1.5 mln. During the World War II, the Red Army drafted between 15 and 20 million officers and soldiers, of which 7-10 mln were killed. After its victory over Germany the numbers were reduced to approximately 5 million, then reached about 3 million at the end of the Cold War. 
In 1946 the word 'Red' was removed from the name of the Soviet armed forces. 

@@Andrej Wlassow
Famous General: Andrej Wlassow
Soviet General Andrei Vlasov was captured by German forces in 1942. He collaborated with the Germans and was declared Premier of Liberated Russia and Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Liberation Army, executed by the Soviets at 1945.

@@Soviet
National Technology

@@Tankograd
During World War II, the industrial city of Chelyabinsk in the southern Urals was dubbed Tankograd" for building thousands of tanks.

@@Red Airforce 
Famous plane: IL-2
The Ilyushin-2 Sturmovik (Stormer) was a famous tank-busting plane. The Germans called it"Schwarzer Tod" (Black Death).

@@Propaganda  
Propaganda
It was vital to keep up the morale of the civilian population. Churchill spoke on the radio (wireless) at key moments in the war. The BBC and newspapers reported speeches in Parliament. He encouraged Dunkirk Spirit. This meant telling the people that although Britain was alone for the first 2 and a third years of the war, she would fight on till victory was achieved.
In may 1940 the local defence volunteers or Home Guard was set up. This 'Dad's Army' was treated with some scorn in places but the government could at least tell the civilian population that there was a last line of defence. The BBC was seen to be fair in its reporting of the war but major British loss of life was often not reported or misreported.

@@J. Edgar Hoover 
John Edgar Hoover was appointed Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) on May 10, 1924 and remained so until his death in 1972. To date, he is the longest-serving leader of an executive branch agency, having served under a record eight presidents, from Calvin Coolidge to Richard Nixon.

@@8. USAF    
Famous pilot: James Stewart
Hollywood-star Jimmy Stewart's war record included 20 combat missions as command pilot.

@@Curtis Le May  
Famous General: Curtis Le May
At the outbreak of World War II he was a group commander in the 8th Air Force. By early 1942 he was a lieutenant colonel and directed the 305th Group into action over Europe. He was given command of the 3rd Bombardment Division in late 1942 and in July 1944 he transferred to Pacific operations. He was promoted to major general and directed the 21st Bomber Command, heading B-29 operations including the massive incendiary attacks on over sixty Japanese cities, such as Tokyo on March 9-10, 1945 during which around 100,000 people were killed. So he was called "brutal LeMay" by Japanese. 

@@Industry 2 

@@German 
National Technology 

@@Neue Ordnung 
The Waffen-SS - which translates as "Weapon-SS" or "Armed-SS", was the military wing of the "Schutzstaffel" and Hitler's notorious Elite Fighting Force. "Meine Ehre heit Treue" (My Honor is Loyalty) was their slogan and they had to fight for a "New Order" (Neue Ordnung). Foreign Troops in the Waffen-SS were from the Netherlands, Croatia, Albania, France, Hungary, Italy, Estonia, Latvia, Flandern, Wallonia, Spain, Great Britain, Norway, Sweden and Danmark. The Waffen SS had a reputation for committing war crimes in occupied territory.

@@Otto Kretschmer  
Famous commander: Otto Kretschmer
Decoration: Knights Cross with Oak Leaf and Crossed Swords, sank more tonnage than any other skipper.
16 patrols: 47 ships sunk (274.333 tons), 5 ships (37.965 tons) damaged.

@@Walter Nowotny 
Famous pilot: Walter Nowotny
Decoration: Knights Cross With Oak Leaves, Swords And Diamonds
Flew over 442 missions in achieving 258 victories.

@@Pratt&Whitney R-2800  
The Pratt & Whitney R-2800 "Double Wasp" was probably the most important aircraft piston engine ever produced. It powered more different types of aircraft than any other. In addition to its inestimable contribution to victory in World War II, it also helped establish post-war commercial aviation in classic prop liners such as the Martin 404 and Douglas DC-6.

@@Finance

@@Fighter Command  
Famous general: Airmarshal Hugh Downing
Hurricane or Spitfire? The Hurricane's guns were better suited to attacking bombers, but the close pattern of fire and slow speed made the Hurricane a bad choice for attacking the German fighter protection. The Spitfire, on the other hand, was in most respects the close equal of the Me109 but had some attributes that helped "Spits" to win many "dog fights"... most often quoted is manoeuvrability but good cockpit visibility was probably a greater factor. Nonetheless, seven in every ten German planes shot down during the Battle of Britain were victims of Hurricane pilots.

@@Heinz Guderian  
Famous General: Heinz Guderian
Decoration: Knights Cross With Oak Leaves and Swords
Creator of the Blitzkrieg-Strategy, field marshal (Feldmarschall)

@@Erich von Manstein 
Famous General: Erich von Manstein, field Marshal (Feldmarschall)
Decoration: Knights Cross With Oak Leaves and Swords
Successfully conquered the Crimea and Sevastopol, the strongest fortress in the world.

@@Industry 1 

@@Coastal Command
During the Second World War, Britain's Royal Air Force was divided into a number of functional and geographic commands in line with an organisation that had first been implemented in 1936. Coastal Command was based in Great Britain and was responsible for all operations over the seas around Great Britain. At the outbreak of hostilities, Coastal Command consisted of three operational groups and one training group, but for most of the war it was organised into five groups. Four of these were operational and responsible for a given a geographic area - 15 Group, north-western Atlantic approaches; 16 Group, English Channel; 18 Group, North Sea; and 19 Group, south-western Atlantic approaches and Bay of Biscay. 17 Group was responsible for training.

@@Great Patriotic War
The term Great Patriotic War (Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voyna in Russian) is used in Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union to describe the period of World War II following the commencement of Operation Barbarossa (the Invasion of the Soviet Union) on June 22, 1941. The main reason for using this propaganda term was to downplay the fact that, in the preceding period of World War II, the Soviet Union sided with the Axis Powers, signing the Nazi-Soviet pact and invading Poland and Finland and annexing Baltic countries. 

@@Adalbert Schnee 
Famous commander: Adalbert Schnee
Decoration: Knights Cross With Oak Leaves
12 patrols: 23 ships sunk (96.547 tons), 3 ships (28.820 tons) damaged.
      
@@Bernhard Montgomery  
Famous General: Bernhard Montgomery
"Monty" chief of the British 8th army - the "Desert Rats" - in Egypt and
chief of the British army during the invasion in Normandy. 
  
@@America-Bomber
In order to strike at America several planes were designed by major German companies, including Focke-Wulf with the Ta 400; Junkers with the Ju 390; and Messerschmitt with the Me 264. The Ta 400 was never built. But the second prototype of the Ju 390 actually flew from "Mont de Marsan on the Atlantic coast of France, near Bordeaux, [and] it once approached to within 20 km (12.4 miles) of New York before returning safely to base, thus validating the operational concept" The four-engine Me 264, initially designed in 1937 and 1938, and referred to inside the German government as the "Amerika-Bomber" or the "New York Bomber", had a range of nine thousand miles and was capable of carrying "a five-ton load of bombs to New York, a small load to the middle West, or reconnaissance missions over the West Coast and then returning to Germany without intermediate bases". The Me 264 actually made its first flight in December 1942, when it flew 30 hours non-stop to New York and returned safely to Europe. These long-range bombers were designed to bring Germany's new air force directly into the skies over America.

@@Synthetic-Fuel-Works  
When the Germans in the 1920s first began considering other sources of fuel, they did so for three reasons. First, the blockade during World War I had taught them how dependent they were on imports of a myriad of essential raw materials and how vulnerable this dependence made them. Second, because of the lost war and the ensuing economic difficulties, Germany was short of hard foreign exchange required for the purchase of foreign oil. And third, rumors were rampant in the world that proven reserves were about to run out. This last worry disappeared with new finds, but the second motive in particular, shortage of foreign exchange, remained and grew under Hitler. It was also Hitlers determination to make Germany independent from outside sources. Furthermore, Germanys leadership increasingly was concerned with the requirements of a war economy, and after 1938 these concerns occupied a substantial position. Prior to this time, five hydrogenation plants had been constructed, one of which was based on bituminous coal treatment. This plant, Scholven, was located in the Ruhr area; the other four plants at Leuna, Bhlen, Magdeburg, and Zeitz were located in central Germany, adjacent to lignite deposits. The total output of the plants in 1937 was 4.8 million barrels of various grades of petroleum fuels.
In the spring of 1942, the Agency for Generators was established to effectuate the conversion of vehicles from liquid to solid fuels. A conversion to such fuels as wood chips, anthracite coal, lignite coal, coke, gas, and peat moss was expected to yield substantial savings in gasoline. During 1942, the saving amounted to 5 million barrels, and in 1943 it reached 8.2 million barrels. Thousands of cars and trucks were converted and equipped with devices shaped like water heaters, which graced trunks and truck beds.
Yet however great the savings were, they were insufficient in themselves to alter the perennial fuel shortage. In the autumn of 1942 there appeared to be only two ways in which fuel production could be enlarged. One was to secure the Russian oil fields, but as we have seen that expectation quickly evaporated; the other was to increase the number and output of hydrogenation plants. Such a plan was devised late in 1942, projecting an annual production of synthetic fuel of 60 million barrels by 1946. Yet when the effort was finally made toward the end of 1943, it was decidedly too late for any improvements. The onset of Allied air attacks on the hydrogenation plants in May 1944 foiled all expectations and sounded the death knell For the German war machine.

@@Ivan S. Konev 
Famous General: Ivan S. Konev
Marshal Ivan S. Konev, commander of the Second Ukrainian Front.

@@Albert Einstein 
Famous physicist: Albert Einstein 
In 1939, Albert Einstein sent a letter president Roosevelt that warned of the potential development of an atomic bomb by other nations. The Manhattan Project was started in 1942 to develop an atomic device lead by Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves and physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The first atomic detotnationtook place at Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. (from "ZWK"!)

@@Not German 

@@Werner Heisenberg 
Werner Karl Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 - February 1, 1976) was a celebrated physicist and Nobel laureate, one of the founders of quantum mechanics. 
He received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1932 "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen". 
Nuclear fission was discovered in Germany in 1938. Heisenberg remained in Germany during World War II, working under the Nazi regime. He led Germany's nuclear weapon program, but the extent of his cooperation has been a subject of controversy. 
He revealed the program's existence to Bohr at a conference in Copenhagen in September 1941. After the meeting, the lifelong friendship between Bohr and Heisenberg ended abruptly. Bohr later joined the Manhattan Project. Germany did not succeed in producing an atomic bomb. 
It has been speculated that Heisenberg had moral qualms and tried to slow down the project. Heisenberg himself attempted to paint this picture after the war, and Thomas Power's book "Heisenberg's War" and Michael Frayn's play "Copenhagen" adopted this interpretation. 
In February 2002, a letter written by Bohr to Heisenberg in 1957 (but never sent) emerged. In it, Bohr relates that Heisenberg, in their 1941 conversation, did not express any moral problems with the bomb making project, that Heisenberg had spent the past two years working almost exclusively on it, and that he was convinced that the atomic bomb would eventually decide the war. 
Most historians of science take this as evidence that the previous interpretation of Heisenberg's resistance was wrong, but some have argued that Bohr profoundly misunderstood Heisenberg's intentions at the 1941 meeting.

@@Otto Hahn   
Otto Hahn (March 8, 1879 - July 28, 1968) was a German physicist. He received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 
Together with Lise Meitner and Otto von Baeyer, he developed a technique to measure the beta decay spectra of radioactive isotopes, which achievement was recognised by his securing the post of professor at the newly founded Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute for Chemistry in Berlin in 1912. 
In 1918, he, together with Meitner, discovered protactinium. When Meitner fled Nazi Germany in 1938, he continued work with Fritz Stramann on elucidating the outcome of the bombardment of uranium with thermal neutrons. He communicated his results to Meitner who, in collaboration with her nephew Otto Frisch, correctly interpreted them as evidence of nuclear fission (a phrase coined by Frisch). 
Once the idea of fission had been accepted, Hahn continued his experiments and demonstrated the huge amounts of energy that neutron-induced fission could produce, either for energy production or warfare. 
During World War II Hahn was a participant in the German program to develop a fission weapon under the leadership of Werner Heisenberg. After the war, Hahn was awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, but at the awards ceremony the chairman of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry announced, "Professor Hahn has informed us that he is regrettably unable to attend this ceremony." He was being held prisoner by the British who were seeking information from him about the failed German effort to develop an atomic bomb. In the post-war era Hahn became a popular fighter against the use of nuclear weapons. 

@@NKVD 
The NKVD, or Narodnij Kommisariat Vnutrennih Del - People's Commisariat for Interior Affairs, was the name for the political police in the USSR in one of the stages of its development. 
The NKVD was created in early 1918 to handle policing and internal affairs. However, it did not obtain state security functions until it took over the OGPU in July 1934. State security functions were then handled by the NKVD's GUGB ("Glavnoe Upravlenie Gosudarstvennoe Bezopasnosti" or Main Directorate of State Security). On 8 February 1941, the Special Sections of the NKVD (responsible for counter-intelligence in the military) were given to the Army and Navy (NKO and NKVMF) where they became the SMERSH (from Smert' Shpionam or "Death to Spies"). In April 1943, GUGB was removed from NKVD and renamed NKGB. 
During World War II, NKVD units were used for rear area security, including halting deserters. On "liberated" territory the NKVD and NKGB carried out mass arrest and deportations, at times forcibly resettling entire populations (650,000+ Crimean Tatars, Chechens, Ingush, and others) or significant parts (Lithuanians, Poles) to Central Asia and Siberia. In 1946, the NKVD was transformed into the MVD. The MVD in turn evolved into the KGB.

@@Fallschirmjger
Famous Fallschirmjger: Max Schmeling
Former heavyweight champ Max Schmeling served in the Army during World War II and
jumped on Crete with Fallschirmjger-Regiment 1.

@@Unmgliche Tech 

@@US Navy    
Naval jargon
A distinct dialect of English has developed amongst sailors over the course of the last four centuries. Naval jargon is spoken by American sailors as a normal part of their daily speech. 
There are three distinct components of Naval jargon:
Words that are unique to sailing and have no use in standard English, such as yardarm, bow, and stern. 
Archaic English that remains common in naval jargon, such as "aye" (the common English word for "Yes" until the 16th century), "Fo'c'sle" (from Fore Castle), and Bo'sun (from "Boat Swain", swain being the archaic english word for slave).

@@Z-Plan 
The Z-Plan was Germanys fleet building program started shortly before World War 2. 
In the mid 1930s a major discussion about a new fleet program started in Germany. There were two major opinions, what kind of program should have been chosen. One plan was focused on a large submarine fleet and a relatively small surface fleet for coast protection, this plan was preferred by the U-Boat fraction in the Kriegsmarine command. The other alternative was a mixed fleet of various surface ships and a much smaller U-Boat fleet, quite similar to the Imperial Navy in World War I or the British Royal Navy. In the end, this plan was chosen as the new fleet building program, after several modifications it was called the "Z-Plan". 
According to this plan, the German Kriegsmarine should have grown to about 800 units, consisting of 13 battleships and battlecruisers, 4 aircraft carriers, 15 Panzerschiffe, 23 cruisers and 22 so called "Sphkreuzer" which were basically large destroyers. In addition to this many smaller vessels should have been build. 
Those ships should have been build between 1939 and 1946, in this time, the personal of the Kriegsmarine should have been enlarged to 201.000 men and over 33 billion Reichsmark should have spend for building the new units. 
This project never got reality. Its very questionable that the German industry would have had the resources for such a construction program and that the other European Nations would stood still and not react to this program.  The realization of the Z-Plan started on January 29th, 1939. Two H-Class battleships were laid down,  three months later Germany quit the the fleet treaty with England and the dream "No more war against Britain" was gone. 
But only four months later Germany attacked Poland and work on all Z-Plan projects was stopped. During the next months, all incomplete ships of the Z-plan were scrapped and the material was used to build additional submarines. 

@@Hans-Ulrich Rudel  
Famous pilot: Hans-Ulrich Rudel
Decoration: Knights Cross With Golden Oak Leaves, Swords And Diamonds
The most decorated German soldier was credited destroying 519 tanks, 150 gun emplacements
and 800 combat vehicles of various types, 1 Soviet battleship, 70 landing craft.

@@Not British

@@Rolls Royce Merlin 
Although it may have been an older design, the Hurricane was still a worthy fighter on its own and a reasonable match for the Messerschmitt Bf 109 it faced. Much of this was the result of the use of the very impressive Rolls Royce Merlin engine, which also powered the Spitfire. The Merlin was a much better engine in general terms than the Daimler-Benz DB 601 used in the Bf 109. 

@@Dwight D. Eisenhower 
Famous General: Dwight D. Eisenhower
Supreme commander of Allied Forces in Europe. Later president of the United Staates.
  
@@Mobile Artillery

@@ASDIC  
Asdic  the underwater ear - , later known as sonar, was a secret device for locating submerged submarines by using sound waves. It was named after the Anti-Submarine Detection Investigation Committee. It consisted of an electronic sound transmitter and receiver. This was housed in a metal dome beneath the ships hull. High-frequency beams - audible pings  were sent out and bounced back when they hit a submarine. The time that passed before an echo was received showed the range of the submarine. The pitch of the echo revealed if it was approaching or moving away. Despite these advantages, a highly trained operator was required to use the equipment effectively. However, as the war progressed technology improved. This made using Asdic easier and improved its success rate.

@@ULTRA   
The Enigma was a cypher machine invented by Arthur Scherbius which was thought to be totally secure. The cracking of German Enigma messages by an English team based in Bletchley Park led by Alan Turing was one of the factors leading to the demise of the U-boat terror. (from"ZWK"!)
U-boat operations were directed by long-range radio from fleet headquarters in Germany. The Germans assumed that the traffic would be intercepted, but didn't care, they were encoding all messages. However, even coded intercepts were useful; many individual boats could be identified by their unique radio signature. Even if a firm position could not be established, an analyst could determine when a boat should be headed home along one of several reasonably predictable routes.
The code-breaking effort dubbed "Ultra" cracked the German Navy code; beginning in June  and, depending on whether new codes had been implemented -- the Allies could read much of the U-boat radio traffic off-and-on throughout the rest of the war.

@@Georgi K. Zhukov
Famous General: Georgi K. Zhukov
Zhukov was promoted to General of the Army, given the gold star of a Hero of the Soviet Union. He was later to become the most famous and important soviet general of World War II, saving Moscow and Leningrad in the winter of 1941-42, planning the grand strategy of the counter-attack at Stalingrad in late 1942 and the strategy at Kursk in 1943, and finally taking Berlin in 1945.

@@Erich Hartmann
German Superb Piston Fighter
Famous pilot: Erich Hartmann
"The Blonde Knight of Germany"
Decoration: Knights Cross With Oak Leaves, Swords And Diamonds
The highest scoring ace of all time with 352 victories (including 7 American Mustangs).

@@Blitzkrieg   
General Heinz Guderian was the father of Germany's Panzer Divisions and credited with reinventing the Blitzkrieg or
Lightning Warfare concept. Even when tanks were still banned in Germany by the victors of Wold War One, Germany practiced
with wooden mock tanks. 
In WW I, the defensive capability of the combatants always exceeded their offensive capability. The stalemate in the trenches was only broken when tanks began to assert their attacking tactics.
In WW II, soldiers were able to gain hundreds of miles of enemy territory in a day when tanks and aeroplanes combined together to spearhead massive thrusting movements. These were the two most important weapons in WW II, just as the machine gun and heavy artillery had been in WW I.
Hitler used Blitzkrieg (lightning war) tactics to launch surprise attack, moving at great speed by using massive strength at key points. They were devastatingly effective from 1939-1931. The countries taken were: Poland, Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium and France. All within a matter of weeks from the start of the attack.
      
@@Uran Projekt 
History records that the WWII German A-bomb program fizzled out into a reactor research program.  Werner Heisenberg got the equations of critical mass for uranium wrong, assuming a bomb would be too heavy to lift by air.  There was some knowledge of the potential of plutonium, but without access to high-purity graphite and the allied raids on Norwegian heavy water facilities removing both main neutron moderators, development of a test nuclear reactor was still incomplete at the end of the war.  
But was there another way of producing plutonium, using much less elaborate facilities, and another way of building an atomic bomb, albeit a crude one?  What really was going on when a sphere of uranium and heavy water exploded in Leipzig in 1942 in an experiment set up by Heisenberg himself?  What was behind some very-late-war German strategic bomber and missile projects continuing when higher priorities existed?  (eg the A10 missile, able to hit the USA).
 
@@Abwehr 
Abwehr is a German word, which is commonly translated to the english "defence". 
The Abwehr was the common name for the German military foreign information and counterintelligence department, during both World War I and World War II. 
The head of Abwehr during World War II was Admiral Wilhelm Canaris. Under his lead, the Abwehr became a center of conspiracy against the Nazi regime. Helped by Canaris' protection, one of his subordinates, Hans Oster, helped to organise internal opposition to the Nazis. Although in April 1943, many of Oster's co-conspirators were arrested and the Abwehr was put under constant surveillance, Canaris was dismissed in February of 1944. 
Captain Canaris, later promoted to Admiral, was a shrewd, brilliant spymaster who not only managed to keep control of the Abwehr but out-foxed the slippery Himmler at almost every turn, while, late during World War II, joined with other high-ranking German officers and officials in a dangerous plot to eliminate Hitler and make a separate peace with the Allies. 
Canaris, along with his second-in-command, Hans Oster, actually helped the Allies more than injured them while supervising all German espionage, counterespionage, and sabotage. Toward the end of the war, Canaris and Oster were actually funneling the Allies almost all of the important German strategy and battle plans. This became evident to Hitler only after conspirators attempted to assassinate him in 1944. Canaris, Oster, and many others were arrested and executed. With the death of Canaris, the Abwehr collapsed. 
                
@@Hans-Joachim Marseille 
Famous pilot: Hans-Joachim Marseille
The "Star of Africa"
Decoration: Knights Cross With Oak Leaves, Swords And Diamonds
158 aerial kills. Shot down seven Curtiss Kittyhawk fighters within eleven minutes in an incredible aerial fight.
  
@@Guerrilla Warfare 
Guerrilla is a term to describe combat groups. Guerrilla warfare operates with small, mobile and flexible combat groups called cells, without a front line. Primary contributors to theories of guerrilla war include Mao Zedong and Che Guevara. Guerrilla warfare is one of the oldest forms of asymmetric warfare. 
In World War II, several guerrilla movements operated in the countries occupied by Nazi Germany. These included Yugoslav partisans, French resistance or Maquis, Italian partisans, ELAS and royalist forces in Greece. 

@@Erwin Rommel
Famous General: Erwin Rommel
Decoration: (WW1) Pour le Merite, Imperial Germany's highest decoration, (WW2) Knights Cross With Oak Leaves, Swords And Diamonds. The "Desert-Fox".
Hitler promoted Rommel to Feldmarschall (field marshal). It would be better if he sent me another division. Rommel remarked when he was told of his new rank.

@@Rocket Artillery 
The first experimental versions of rocket munitions and their launching stands, and also rocket armaments for airplanes, were built in our country before the Great Patriotic War began. However, they were in the stages of firing-range tests and troop trials. The problems connected with organizing mass production of this weapon and creating and employing large and small rocket-artillery units had to be solved under the difficult circumstances of the first part of the war. The decision of the Council of USSR Peoples Commissars to put rocket-artillery weapons into serial production was made on 21 June, 1941, i.e. the day before the war began.
The first use of rocket artillery in World War II is often wrongly attributed to the Red Army, while Wehrmacht was the first one to use it. Four Nebelwefer Regiments of the Wehrmacht were among many artillery units that opened fire on June 22nd of 1941 at 3:15am, beginning the Operation "Barbarossa". Red Army used rocket artillery for the first time on July 14/15th of 1941, firing at the rail station at Orsza (controlled by the Army Group Center) on the Minsk-Moscow route.

@@Escort Fighter 
Flying the P-38 Lightning in the Pacific theater Major Richard Bong was the top scoring U.S. Ace during WWII with 40 kills.
Major George Preddy was a top AAC ace credited with 26.83 air-to-air victories and five planes destroyed by strafing. He was killed on Christmas Day of 1944 when, while flying at tree-top level inside American lines over Europe, his P-51 was mistaken for an enemy plane and was shot down by US antiaircraft gunners.

@@Richard Sorge   
Richard Sorge (October 4, 1895 - October 9, 1944) was a German journalist and a spy for Soviet Union in Japan before and during World War II. Before the battle for Moscow, Sorge transmitted information that Japan was not going to attack Soviet Union in the East. This information allowed Zhukov to redeploy Siberian troops for the defense of Moscow. Japanese secret service had already intercepted many of his messages and begun to close in. Sorge was arrested in October 18 in Tokyo. Sorge was not exchanged for Japanese prisoners of war, although reason for that is unclear. He was incarcerated in Sugamo Prison and was hanged on October 9 1944.

@@Hero Of The Soviet Union  
Hero of the Soviet Union was the highest honorary title and the superior degree of distinction of the former USSR. It included Order of Lenin (the highest Soviet award) and, as the sign of excellence, Gold Star medal with the certificate of the heroic deed (gramota) from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (highest executive body of the land). The award was established on April 16, 1934. In keeping with Communist policy of gender equality, both men and women were eligible to receive the title. The total number of persons who were awarded this title is over 12,500. The great majority of them received it during World War II.

@@Konrad Zuse
Famous physicist: Konrad Zuse
The Z3 is today considered to be the first freely programmable computer of the world. It was completed in May 12,1941 by Konrad Zuse and was stable unlike the Z1 and Z2 which did not use relays. The Z3 consumed 4000 Watts, weighed 1000 kg was destroyed in a bombing raid in 1944. ENIAC was developed in 1943 at the University of Pennsylvannia and was used to calculate artillery tables. (from "ZWK"!)

@@Future Technology

@@Artillery

@@Not Spanish/Neutral/French

@@Agriculture

@@Luftwaffe      
Ace vs Experte
Scoring five kills, usually giving a pilot the status of 'ace', under the German system did not garner one the German title of "Experte"(a fighter pilot proficient in aerial combat. The Allied "ace"). The title was conferred on those that only exihibited consistent excellence and leadership in combat and in which the tally of victories played a minor part. For example, a German pilot may not have been considered an "Experte" until he scored his 60th victory or more. The length of the career? The Germans had a "fly till you die" policy. No rotation home for training duty. No limit on missions or combat hours. While such a short-sighted policy hampered the Luftwaffe's ability to turn out large numbers of well-trained pilots later in the war, it permitted those who excelled to rack up more and more missions and more and more aerial victories. One Luftwaffe experte, Erich Rudorffer, flew over 1,000 missions and was shot down himself sixteen times. American pilots generally finished a tour of duty and rotated home for training, command, or flight test assignments. Some immediately "re-upped" for more combat, but they were the exceptions.

@@Rolls Royce Welland 
This turbo-jet was the first British production engine. The prototype F.9/40, DG202/G, powered by Rolls-Royce 1,700 lb W2B/23 engines, was flown by Michael Daunt, from Barford St. John airfield on July 24, 1943. In November this aircraft was delivered to the Rolls-Royce base at Hucknall for Welland development. 
Flying from RAF Manston, near the English channel, the Meteor first saw action against the V-1 flying-bombs en-route to London on July 27, 1944. The first of thirteen V-1s to be destroyed was on August 4, when Flying Officer Dean used his wing tip to tip a V-1 off its course and saw it crash onto open ground. 
From October 1943, a total of 167 Wellands, were dispatched from the Rolls-Royce facility at Barnoldswick. These were the last of the Whittle reverse-flow turbo-jets, but the design continues today in many smaller turbo-fan, turbo-prop and turbo-shaft engines.

@@Spanish  
National Technology

@@George S. Patton 
Famous General: George S. Patton
"I would rather have a German division in front of me than a French one behind me." General George S. Patton.

@@Broadcast

@@Convoy-System   
Grouping of ships to sail together under naval escort in wartime. In World War I (1914-1918) navy escort vessels were at first used only to accompany troopships, but the convoy system was adopted for merchant shipping when the unrestricted German submarine campaign began in 1917. In World War II (1939-1945) the convoy system was widely used by the Allies to keep the Atlantic sea lanes open.

@@Marines

@@Axis Berlin-Rom 
The political, military, and ideological alliance of Nazi Germany and fascist Italy. Italy's Initial Attitude toward Germany. ("Axis" = "Achse" in German) 
In May 1939, following the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia and a few months before the outbreak of war, Germany and Italy concluded the so-called Pact of Steel ("Stahlpakt"). In November 1937, Italy had joined the Anti-Comintern Pact. In September 1940, a tripartite alliance was forged between Germany, Italy, and Japan, to which the three countries committed themselves for ten years; this was known as the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis. During World War II, the term "Axis countries" also came to be applied to other states allied with Germany that had joined the Anti-Comintern Pact: Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Bulgaria.
        
@@No 

@@James F. Somerville 
Famous admiral: Admiral James F. Somerville
Commander of Force H during the attack against the French Fleet at Oran, later Commander-in-Chief.

@@Bomber Command  
Famous general: Sir Arthur Harris
Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Arthur Harris, Bomber Harris, as he was nick-named by Churchill and has become known, remained Commander-in-Chief of Bomber Command from 1942-1945. 
Harris developed the theory of attacking major industrial centers in order to deliberately destroy as many homes and houses as possible. This would displace the German workforce and reduce their ability to work. His calculations showed that his force would be able to destroy the majority of German houses located in cities quite quickly. 
By modern standards of international law, the bombings ordered by Harris would be regarded as war crimes.
       
@@Communism  
Communism in its original meaning is a social theory and political movement for the direct and communal control of society towards the common benefits of all members, the society being the communist society, see below. The dominant tendency within the communist movement is inspired by Karl Marx's theory. Within Marxist communism the largest trends are inspired by the writings and actions of Vladimir Lenin.
        
@@No

@@French  
National Technology
           
@@Neutral
National Technology
 
@@Kriegsmarine  
Famous Admiral: Karl Dnitz
The "Befehlshaber der U-Boote" BdU (commander-in-chief of the submarines) Karl Dnitz developed the "Rudeltaktik" (wolf pack tactic), the attacks of complete groups of U-Boats.

The future of the Kriegsmarine was the Z-Plan, Germanys fleet building program started shortly before World War 2. In the mid 1930s a major discussion about a new fleet program started in Germany. There were two major opinions, what kind of program should have been chosen. One plan was focused on a large submarine fleet and a relatively small surface fleet for coast protection, this plan was preferred by the U-Boat fraction in the Kriegsmarine command. The other alternative was a mixed fleet of various surface ships and a much smaller U-Boat fleet, quite similar to the Imperial Navy in World War I or the British Royal Navy. In the end, this plan was chosen as the new fleet building program, after several modifications it was called the "Z-Plan". According to this plan, the German Kriegsmarine should have grown to about 800 units, consisting of 13 battleships and battlecruisers, 4 aircraft carriers, 15 Panzerschiffe, 23 cruisers and 22 so called "Sphkreuzer" which were basically large destroyers. In addition to this many smaller vessels should have been build. Those ships should have been build between 1939 and 1946, in this time, the personal of the Kriegsmarine should have been enlarged to 201.000 men and over 33 billion Reichsmark should have spend for building the new units. This project never got reality. Its very questionable that the German industry would have had the resources for such a construction program and that the other European Nations would stood still and not react to this program.  The realization of the Z-Plan started on January 29th, 1939. Two H-Class battleships were laid down,  three months later Germany quit the the fleet treaty with England and the dream "No more war against Britain" was gone. But only four months later Germany attacked Poland and work on all Z-Plan projects was stopped. During the next months, all incomplete ships of the Z-plan were scrapped and the material was used to build additional submarines.
  
@@Trade    
         
@@Airborne 
Famous Airborne divisions are the 82nd Airborne "All American" and the 101st Airborne "Screaming Eagles".


@IMPROVEMENT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the IMPROV.PDE text file in the original
;Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Palace will be the 16'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@IMPROVEMENT_INDEX				
-1,			;Nothing
15,			;Reichschancellory
2,			;Barracks
8,			;Food Depot
22,			;Brothel
12,			;Black Market
10,			;Newspaper
6,			;FBI
4,			;Tank Defences
0,			;Womens Auxiliary Corps
1,			;Reichsbank
3,			;Cinema
23,			;University
13,			;Hospital
5,			;Radio Station
7,			;Krupp-Works
11,			;AEG-Works
18,			;Collaboration
17,			;Autobahn
16,			;Daimler-Benz-Works
9,			;Buna-Works
14,			;Leuna-Works
34,			;Stock Exchange
32,			;Youth Auxiliary Corps
35,			;Food Rations
36,			;Reichsbahn
30,			;ZUSE-Computer
31,			;Anti-Aircraft-Defence
26,			;Coastal Defence
33,			;Junkers-Works
37,			;Fishing Harbour
27,			;Trade Harbour
24			;Convoy Harbour
28,			;Gestapo
29,			;Naval Base
21,			;NOT USED
19,			;NOT USED
20,			;NOT USED
25,			;(War Bonds)
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Womens Auxiliary Corps
Women played an even bigger role in WW II than WW I. Much of the work in the factories, on the land and in Civil Defence had to be done by women. By 1941, single women between 18 and 30 had to register for war work. They worked in Auxiliary Services (fire, ambulance, army etc) the Land army or Industry. Married women with children were not called up by many volunteered anyway. They did jobs such as manufacturing cars and aircraft, local government, fire services, munitions, farming, banking, insurance and national industry.
Female auxilliaries of the Luftwaffe were called "Blitzmdel" (Lightning girls), because of the lightning symbol of the signal troops. They were to support the transmission and signal-troops behind the front-lines.

@@Reichsbank

@@Barracks

@@Cinema
The Deutsche Wochenschau GmbH, a subsidiary of the state-owned Ufa film company, produced the Deutsche 
Wochenschau, which was manufactured under the strict control and personal urveillance of Goebbels and his 
Propaganda Ministry. The Auslandstonwoche or Foreign weekly newsreel was a newsreel specifically designed 
to disseminate a carefully studied image of Germany and the territories it occupied or befriended (Spain 
and the Axis powers), the Auslandstonwoche was an important tool of propaganda.

@@Tank Defences

@@Radio Station
A German armed forces radio station named "Soldatensender Belgrad" was broadcasting to the occupation army in 
German.  It was the only German station where "Lili Marleen" was played. A radio programme with this express purpose had
already been started on 1 October 1939, and it became the most popular programme of the Second World War: 
Wunschkonzert fr die Wehrmacht (Forces Requests), on the Grossdeutscher Rundfunk, with Heinz Goedecke as 
announcer. This programme was based on listeners requests and was intended to forge a link between the armed forces 
and the home front.

@@FBI
With the actual outbreak of war in 1939, the responsibilities of J. Edgar Hoover's FBI escalated. 
Subversion, sabotage, and espionage became major concerns. The FBI participated in intelligence 
collection. Sabotage investigations became a major concern. Separated from most FBI personnel, some 
Agents, with the help of FBI Legal Attaches, composed the Special Intelligence Service (SIS) in 
Latin America. Established by President Roosevelt in 1940, the SIS was to provide information on Axis 
activities in South America and to destroy its intelligence and propaganda networks.

@@Krupp-Works
The famous industrial Complex Krupp-Werke was a weapon making plant in the Ruhr-area.

@@Food Depot

@@Buna-Works
Buna-Werke
German Manufacturer of of synthetic rubber.

@@Newspaper
The official newspaper of the Nazi party the self-described "Fight sheet" of the NSDAP, 
the "Vlkischer Beobachter".

@@AEG-Works
Large German electrical manufacturer.

@@Black Market
The fact that food was rationed and the only way to get certain items was on the black market.
The "currency"? Often cigarettes.

@@Hospital

@@Leuna-Works		
Leuna Works (Leuna-Werke), one of Germany's largest synthetic gasoline and oil plants, a subsidiary of IG Farben.
IG Farben was the producer of "Zyklon B"!

@@Reichschancellory

@@Daimler-Benz-Works
German manufacturer of military vehicles, cars and aircraft engines.

@@Autobahn
Hitler's economic policy involved many huge public works being undertaken. The Autobahn was the first motorway 
system in Europe. Although the first Autobahns had been built by the Weimar Government in 1932, they were developed 
on a massive scale by Hitler. Porsche had a vision of a mass produced vehicle that was affordable to the average 
German: The Volkswagen officially "Kraft durch Freude-Wagen" (abbreviated KdF and meaning 'strength through joy'), later
known as "Kfer" (Beetle).

@@Collaboration
The Vichy rgime were convinced that a favourable relationship with a Germany that was going to conquer 
Europe would be secured through collaboration. German military presence and the 1.6 million prisoners of war 
who were de facto hostages helped ensure this collaboration and force Vichy's hand. Most perceived 
France purely in terms of her potential as a supplier of raw and manufactured goods, and of labour. (e.g. 
the coal and steel industry, aircraft and motor vehicle manufacture). 650,000 Frenchmen and 44,000 Frenchwomen 
had been sent to labour in Germany. collaborationalist parties in the Occupied zone assisted in establishing 
the Lgion des volontaires franais contre le bolchevisme (LVF). This volunteer unitarmy - there were 10,000 
volunteers initially - fought against the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front as part of the Waffen-SS Charlemagne
division.

@@NOT USED

@@NOT USED

@@NOT USED

@@Brothel

@@University

@@Convoy Harbour
(replaces the airport)
In the twentieth century Halifax acted as a key supply and convoy harbour for the Allies in both world wars.

@@(War Bonds)

@@Coastal Defence
The German Atlantikwall, one of the last major defense lines of this century. It was build by the German occupation forces
in the period 1941-1944 along the coasts of France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Norway and Denmark. The main goal was
to prevent allied landings of the shores of these countries.

@@Trade Harbour

@@Gestapo
The Geheime Staatspolizei (German for "secret state police"), commonly abbreviated as Gestapo, formed the secret state police force of Nazi Germany and was founded by Hermann Goring in 1933. Its purpose was to persecute all political opponents of the Nazi regime, not only defensively, but also preventively, in cases of suspected or potential opposition. (from "ZWK"!)

@@Naval Base
The shipbuilding and U-boat construction yards at Wilhelmshaven, Germany, were the first and one of the last targets hit by the US Eighth Air Force. The "Tirpitz", "Graf Spee" and "Scharnhorst" were build there.

@@ZUSE-Computer
The Z3. Today it is undisputed that Konrad Zuse's Z3 was the first fully functional, program controlled (freely 
programmable) electro-mechanical computer of the world.

@@Anti-Aircraft-Defence
AAA (Anti-Aircraft-Artillery)/Fliegerabwehrkanonen (Flak).

@@Youth Auxiliary Corps
The Hitlerjugend, or Hitler Youth, was Nazi Germany's youth organization dedicated to instilling the martial spirit and the tenets of National Socialism into preteen and teenage boys. The 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend was one of the "classic" Waffen-SS panzer divisions and one of the most renowned combat units of WWII. 
Hitler authorized the formation of the division in the early spring of 1943, with Hitlerjugend recruits from the "class of 1926" (i.e. 17-year-olds) and personnel from the 1st SS-Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler. Because of their youth and long hair, the 12th SS soldiers were nicknamed the "candy soldiers*" - but there was nothing sweet about their combat prowess. The Hitlerjugend division spent much of its existence fighting on the western front, particularly famous for the 1944 Normandy campaign and the fanaticism and indifference to losses (up to 60%) of it members.

@@Junkers-Works
Junkers-Werke
Producer of famous planes like the Junkers Ju87 "Stuka" (Sturzkampfbomber).

@@Stock Exchange

@@Food Rations
The aim of the German U-boat campaign was to cut off supplies to Britain. Britain was not self-sufficient in food or materials. As a result, rationing was introduced in January 1940. The Ministry of Food issued ration books and decided on how much of each item on ration should be allowed. Main items were: Bacon, cheese, butter, eggs, milk, tea, sugar... Clothes were rationed from May 1941. A 'Dig for Victory' campaign was brought in. The consumption of un-rationed food was encouraged. People in towns were encouraged to grow their own food to beat the U-boat threat. Queues were common outside shops. Some foods like imported fruits were not seen during the war (e.g. bananas).

@@Reichsbahn
Deutsche Reichsbahn - The German State Railway was very important for the transport of troops and material.

@@Fishing Harbour


@WONDER_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the WONDER.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry, but adjusted by NUM_IMPROVEMENTS.
; For example, Adam Smith's Trading Co. will be the 0'th (remember,
; the list is zero based)(INDEX - NUM_INPROVEMENTS) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@WONDER_INDEX				
21,	;	 Wheat Fields Ukraine
9,	;	 Lend Lease Act
2,	;	 Suez-Canal
15,	;	 Oilfields Ploesti
7,	;	 Axis Berlin-Rom
20,	;	 Oilfields Mossul
8,	;	 Tankograd
25,	;	 Ore Mines Narvik
13,	;	 Total War
18,	;	 New Reichschancellory
19,	;	 Unternehmen Walkre
3,	;	 Manhatten Project Laboratory
16,	;	 Convoy System
23,	;	 Royal Navy
14,	;	 Gibraltar
12,	;	 UFA
11,	;	 Peenemnde-Project
0,	;	 American Industry
5,	;	 BdU
24,	;	 Panama-Canal
6,	;	 Murmansk-Route
27,	;	 NKVD
10,	;	 Oilfields Baku
17,	;	 Uran-Project
26,	;	 Downing Street 10
1,	;	 Abwehr
22,	;	 Ultra-Project
4,	;	 Kremlin
-2,	;	 MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!


@@American Industry
The world's strongest economy.

@@Abwehr
German military intelligence organization. 
The head of the Abwehr was Admiral Canaris, who was also in the resistance against Hitler.

@@Suez-Canal
The canal allows water transport from Europe to British-India
without circumnavigating Africa. 
The control of the passage from the Meditaranean to the Red
Sea was militarily and economically important to the Empire.

@@Manhatten Project Laboratory
The American atomic facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
On December 6 1940 - President Roosevelt authorizes the Manhattan 
Engineering District. The secret U.S. project to build an atomic bomb.
November 5 1942 - Construction of a uranium isotope separation plant 
begins at Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

@@Kremlin
In 1917, the new soviet government under Lenin transferred the Russian capital back
to Moscow. The Kremlin became the seat of the highest state bodies.

@@BdU
BdU - Befehlshaber der U-Boote
The German commander-in-chief of the submarines was
Admiral Dnitz. First headquarter was Wilhelmshaven,
later Paris, Kerneval/Lorient and "Koralle" near Berlin.

@@Murmansk-Route
Allied supplies were being sent round the North Cape convoy
route to Murmansk and Archangel fighting against the German
Forces from Norway.

@@Axis Berlin-Rom
The Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Hitler's Germany
and Mussolini's Italy.

@@Tankograd
One of the biggest defense facilities in the Urals was the tank 
making plant in Chelyabinsk. The city, commonly known as Tankograd, 
was set up in 1941 by engineers and workers of the Leningrad, 
Kharkov and Chelyabinsk plants.

@@Lend Lease Act
The Lend-lease Act permitted the President
of the United States to "sell, transfer title to, exchange,
lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any [country whose
defense the President deems vital to the defense of the USA] 
any defense article". 
US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt approved US$1 billion
in Lend-lease aid to the Soviet Union on October 30, 1941.

@@Oilfields Baku
The oilfields of the Caucasus were the greatest oil
extracting and supplying region of the Soviet Union.

@@Peenemnde-Project
The Peenemnde area was the development center for German 
"wonderweapons" (Wunderwaffen) like the V2-Rocket.
Famous were rocket scientist Werner Von Braun and General Walter 
Dornberger. 

@@UFA
UFA - Universum-Film AG
Universum Film AG, best known by its signature logo Ufa, 
was once the largest film company in Europe. Founded by 
the German High Command as a propaganda medium during 
World War I and always central to Germany's nationalistic 
big business interests, Ufa was also home to the most 
innovative talents of the Weimar Republic. Fritz Lang, 
Marlene Dietrich, Emil Jannings, and Ernst Lubitsch were 
Ufa stars; Metropolis, The Blue Angel, and Dr. Mabuse were
only a few of its finest works.

@@Total War
Once it became clear that the war would not be a short one, 
Germany's industry was reorganized by the minister for armaments
and war production Albert Speer for a total mobilization.

@@Gibraltar
British military stronghold. With Gibraltar, the Royal Navy 
held the key to the Mediterranean, able to strike anywhere.
The famous Force H was based at Gibraltar.

@@Oilfields Ploesti
The oilfields and refineries at Ploesti, Romania. The oil is
estimated to be supplying 60% of Germany's oil requirements.

@@Convoy System
The convoy system, which can be defined as a group of
merchant vessels sailing together, with or without naval escort.

@@Uran-Project
The secret German Uranium Project to build the A-Bomb - 
similar to the American "Manhatten-Project".
The head of the development of the German atomic bomb
project was Werner Heisenberg.

@@New Reichschancellory
Neue Reichskanzlei - New Reichschancellory
Build by Albert Speer the New Reichschancellory in Berlin
was Hitlers official seat of government. 
The "Fhrerbunker" ("Leader's bunker") is the name commonly
given to the complex of subterranean rooms where Adolf Hitler
committed suicide.

@@Unternehmen Walkre
Unternehmen Walkre - Operation Valkyrie
German plan to mobilize reserve army units and to seize		
control after the planned assassination of Adolf Hitler.
Head of the plan was Oberst Claus Schenk Graf Stauffenberg.

@@Oilfields Mossul
The oilfields of Iraq, the oil is produced by British companies.

@@Wheat Fields Ukraine
The Ukraine was a wealthy storehouse of food and raw materials, 
supplies coveted by the Germans. Hitler had already pointed to
the Ukraine as an essential part of the German living space
("Lebensraum"). 

@@Ultra-Project
The Ultra project was mainly involved with breaking the German Enigma cyphers.

@@Royal Navy
Britannia Rules The Waves!

@@Panama-Canal
The control of the passage from the Atlantic to Pacific
oceans was militarily and economically important to the
United States.

@@Ore Mines Narvik
Narvik was the export harbour for the iron-ore excavated in
Kirunas mines. The ore was important for the German war industry.

@@Downing Street 10
Downing Street 10 is the official home of British Prime minister Winston Churchill.
As prime minister of Britain during World War II, Churchill roused the British to 
stand against Nazi Germany. The sight of Churchill, with his cigar and two fingers 
raised in a "V for victory" salute, inspired Britons to rise to what he called 
"their finest hour." (from "ZWK"!)

@@NKVD
The Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD). 
The NKVD broke prisoners down by intense interrogation.
The armed forces suffered at the hands of the NKVD. It
has been estimated that between 1936 and 1941 a third 
of all officers were arrested. Three out of five marshals
and fourteen out of sixteen army commanders were executed.


@UNIT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the UNITS.PDE and UNITS2.PDE text ;files in the original Civilopedia, strung together to make one contiguous section. (French and German ;versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Settlers will be the 50'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@UNIT_INDEX				
49,		;	Fortress
21,		;	Tank T26
43,		;	IL-2 Stormovik
46,		;	de Havilland Mosquito
2,		;	Focke-Wulf FW200 Condor
33,		;	Short Sunderland
47,		;	Junkers Ju88
36,		;	Italian Infantry
23,		;	Town-Class
45,		;	British Infantry
1,		;	Partisan
48,		;	US Infantry
34,		;	King George V-Class
44,		;	Iowa-Class
35,		;	Admiral Hipper-Class
29,		;	Airborne
13,		;	Fallschirmjaeger
20,		;	Hummel
14,		;	US Marine Corps
32,		;	Royal Marines
19,		;	Uboat Type VIIC
12,		;	Uboat Type XXI
3,		;	Polikarpov I-16
11,		;	Katjuscha
7,		;	Yakovlev Yak 3
4,		;	Hawker Hurricane
30,		;	Supermarine Spitfire
24,		;	P-47 Thunderbolt
6,		;	Junkers Ju87 Stuka
28,		;	P-51 Mustang
39,		;	Gloster Meteor
38,		;	Messerschmidt Me262
42,		;	PzKpfw III
9,		;	PzKpfw IV
27,		;	PzKpfw V Panther
26,		;	PzKpfw VI Tiger
31,		;	Tank KW1
17,		;	Tank T34
16,		;	Tank JS2
0,		;	Tank Matilda II
5,		;	Tank Churchill
40,		;	Tank Sherman
10,		;	Tank Pershing
41,		;	Wehrmacht Infantry
15,		;	V2
37,		;	Focke-Wulf FW TA400
18,		;	Aircraftcarrier
50,		;	Admiral
8,		;	Troopship
25,		;	Convoy
22,		;	Trade
-1,		;	Bismarck-Class
-1,		;	Hunt-Class
-1,		;	Artillery 8.8
-1,		;	B29 Superfortress
-1,		;	Messerschmidt Me109
-1,		;	Focke-Wulf FW190
-1,		;	Waffen SS Infantry
-1,		;	Red Army Infantry
-1,		;	Red Guard Infantry
-1,		;	B17 Flying Fortress
-1,		;	AVRO Lancaster
-2,		;	MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!


@@Tank Matilda II
British Light Tank
The Matilda tank gave Italian commanders a real headache during the first few stages of the desert war.  Simply put, no Italian tank could come anywhere close to piercing the Matildas 78mm armour or to match its 2 pound (40mm) gun.

@@Partisan
Soviet Partisan
The Soviet partisan movement was initiated behind the German lines immediately after the invasion began. They carried out acts of sabotage to disrupt the German war effort.

@@Focke-Wulf FW200 Condor
German Long-range Maritime Bomber 
Task: Maritime patrols and reconnaissance, searching for Allied convoys and warships acting in co-operation with U-boat packs.

@@Polikarpov I-16
Soviet Piston Fighter

@@Hawker Hurricane
British Piston Fighter
Although the Spitfire is often credited with saving England from German conquest in World War II, it was in fact the Hawker Hurricane that bore the brunt of the fighting and achieved most of the air-to-air victories in the Battle of Britain.
     The Hurricane was developed in the mid 1930s as the basic assumptions regarding military aviation were undergoing a fundamental change.  Initially it was designed as a fabric covered aircraft with a fixed pitch wooden propeller, and fixed landing gear.  During its final design, however, it was given a metal skin, retractable gear, and a variable pitch prop.  Its thick wings would forever restrict its ability to be upgraded to a true 1940s era fighter.  However, its virtue as a stable gun platform, capable of delivering a lethal cone of fire, proved an indispensable asset during the most crucial period of World War II when England stood alone against Germany. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@Tank Churchill
British Medium Tank
It can compete with most light and medium German tanks but has a little trouble with the Panther and anything better then that obviously. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@Junkers Ju87 Stuka
German Groundattack-Plane
Though the Stuka comes readily to mind when one considers the origins of dive
bombing, the concept was first developed in the United States in the 1920s, attracting the attention of Germany and Japan.  Through a series of fits and starts in the early 1930s, the Luftwaffe developed its own dive bombing aircraft.  In 1936 it came down to two designs: one by Junkers, the Ju87, and one by Heinkel, the He 118.  Unfortunately for Heinkel, the person making the final decision - the noted WWI ace and air show pilot, Ernst Udet - had an He
118 disintegrate around him in a test dive.  Thus, it's not surprising that Udet decided in favor of the Junkers entry.
     When World War II began, many considered the Stuka as already obsolete.  It was clear that speed was an essential virtue of nearly all combat aircraft, regardless of their mission.  However, after its impressive showing early in the war, and the terrifying reputation it developed among current and upcoming German foes, the Stuka's role was reevaluated.
     It was the Battle of Britain that revealed just how vulnerable the Ju87 was.  The RAF scoring devastating successes against the Stuka, and referred to encounters with Ju87 groups as, "Stuka parties."  Once committed to their dive attacks, with dive brakes fully deployed, the Stuka would seem, to a fighter pilot, like an unmaneuvering target hanging in the air.  After suffering 22 losses on a single day - August 18, 1940 - the Stuka was withdrawn from the battle.
     The Stuka flew with distinction later in the war on the eastern front.  There it served in its original dive bombing role, and as a tank killer, armed with heavy armour piercing cannon.  It finished the war as a night attack aircraft.  Though several pilots had long and distinguished careers in the Stuka, overall the attrition among Ju87 pilots and crews was appalling.  Nonetheless, the Stuka lives on in our imaginations as one of the most fascinating war machines ever created. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@Yakovlev Yak 3
Soviet Piston Fighter

@@Troopship
Common Transportship

@@PzKpfw IV
German Medium Tank
Although only a few were in service when WW2 began, the Panzer IV would eventually become the workhorse of the Panzer divisions.  It would see action right up to the end of the war (although modified immensely to meet the needs). You will find that this will be the tank that you produce for the majority of the war because it is cheap, somewhat powerful, has good movement. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@Tank Pershing
American Heavy Tank
About 700 M26 Pershing Tanks were built during WW2, primarily due to the threat from the Germans Tiger tank. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@Katjuscha
Soviet Rocket Artillery
Deemed little kates by the Russians, and Stalins Organs (stalinorgel) by the Germans, these units can be very fierce.  They are also destroyed after attacking because they are EXTREMELY powerful units that can take out just about anything.  Kill these the second that you see them. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@Uboat Type XXI
German Electro-uboat
The Type XXI was the answer to the increasing danger to German U-Boats by allied anti submarine forces in the second half of the war. Due to their powerful electrical engines and hydrodynamical shaped hull, these very advanced submarines were faster submerged than on the surface. The boats were built in sections to increase the production numbers, but although more than 134 were built only 7 of the new "Elektroboote" operated vs. allied forces. The design of the Type XXI influenced the submarine construction in many countries after the war, e.g. the Russian W-Class was based on them. After the war, the former U2540 was raised and entered service in the Bundesmarine as Wilhelm Bauer, it is now on display in Bremerhaven, Germany. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@Fallschirmjaeger
German Elite Infantry - Paras -
I wanted an icon like John Petroski's Airborne graphic (C-47) from "Ansteig" - and here is my Junkers JU52 - unit.

@@US Marine Corps
American Amphibious Infantry
The elite of the US armed forces, the US Marines are the only US unit's capable of storming the beaches without first landing there.  They are a very dangerous enemy who you should watch out for when you see them in your territory.

@@V2
German Ballistic Missile
A much better weapon then the V1, the V2 travels at an incredibal speed which prevents it from being shot down by enemy fighters.  It is expensive, but also powerful enough to be worth it. (from "Europe"!)

@@Tank JS2
Soviet Heavy Tank
The Iosef Stalin 2 was possibly the best Soviet tank of the war (there is speculation as to whether its predecessor the IS3 tank actually saw combat or not. (from "Ansteig"!) 

@@Tank T34
Soviet Medium Tank
This tank in the war gave the Germans a horrible shock.  They were rolling up and down the Russian countryside with ease until this tank showed up! (from "Ansteig"!)

@@Aircraftcarrier
The "Graf Zeppelin" was Germanys only aircraft carrier in World War II - but it was never completed and never saw action. The second carrier bore only the title "Carrier B," since she was never launched. One possible, but unconfirmed name for this ship was Peter Strasser.

@@Uboat Type VIIC
German Uboat
With over 650 boats build, the Type VII was the most important submarine in the German Kriegsmarine. Built between 1936 and 1944 those boats mainly operated in the North Atlantic, and were known for the so-called "Rudeltaktik" - a simultaneous night attack of several surfaces U-Boats on allied convoys. Besides torpedo attacks they could also be used for mine laying and were well known for their maneuverability and fast diving speed. Shortly after the introduction of the first model a improved version with a better maneuverability (Type VIIB) was built. The most built variant was the Type VIIC whose variant Type VIIC/41 was made of thicker steel to increase the diving depth. Other variants include the mine laying Type VIID and the torpedo supply variant Type VIIF. Today, one of those boats, U995, is on display in Laboe, Germany. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@Hummel
German Mobile Artillery
The PzA III/IV "Hummel" (Bumblebee) was a self-propelled howitzer mounting a 150mm field piece on an extensively modified PzKpfw IV chassis. Originally intended as a temporary solution for providing an armored, fully tracked chassis for artillery, it none the less proved to be a good design. The Hummel was introduced to combat at Kursk in 1943, and remained in service for the duration of the war. The artillery regiment of a panzer division generally contained one Hummel battery. A total of 319 were built. (from "Europe"!)

@@Tank T26
Soviet Light Tank
This unit represents all of the light tanks of the Soviet Union during WW2 such as the T26 and the BT-5s.

@@Trade
Common Trade Unit

@@Town-Class
British Cruiser

@@P-47 Thunderbolt
American Superb Piston Fighter
The P-47's nickname, the Jug, is a commentary about its bloated, pug nosed appearance.  The British, however, believed it to be an abbreviation for Juggernaut.  Both monikers, in their own way, are true.  While hardly an attractive aircraft, it was nonetheless formidable and difficult to bring down.
     Although all fighters are designed with their power plants in mind, the Jug is a case of a fighter designed completely around an engine -the Pratt & Whitney Double Wasp R-2800, the most important American aircraft engine of the war.  Although its dimensions precluded sleek, low drag configurations for the aircraft that employed it, it overcame this deficiency with sheer muscle: 2300 horsepower on WEP in P-47D.
     The Thunderbolt was the largest single engine fighter of World War II, and its appearance led many - particularly in the RAF - to dismiss the design as ungainly and ill-suited for a fighter role against nimble Luftwaffe aircraft, such as the Me109 and FW 190.  What the Jug had, however, that the RAF fighters lacked at the time was range.  It served as an able bomber escort until late '43 when the Merlin powered Mustangs arrived.
     Though the Jug had been displaced in its original role by the Mustang, it later surpassed its successor in the job the P-51 initially performed: ground attack.  Whereas the Mustang's inline engine had made it vulnerable to ground fire, Jugs could absorb significantly more damage, and deliver a far more potent payload. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@Convoy
British Escorted Transportships

@@PzKpfw VI Tiger
German Heavy Tank
This is the first really heavy tank that Germany can build . Although this tank is slower then most other tanks, when it gets a chance to engage an enemy tank, it WILL win.  Plain and simple. (from "Ansteig"!) 
In this scenario Waffen-SS Panzer-divisions only!
Famous tank commander: Michael Wittmann
Decoration: Knights Cross With Oak Leaves and Swords
With 138 destroyed enemy tanks and 132 anti-tank guns and field artillery pieces Michael Wittmann from Waffen-SS Division "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler" was by far the most successful Panzer-Ace.

@@PzKpfw V Panther
German Superb Medium Tank
the Panther tank is a very formidable foe and as soon as it becomes possible to build these I recommend that you mass-produce them.  This tank can compete with anything that the Allies can throw at it and it can compete with all but the best Russian tanks. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@P-51 Mustang
American Escort Fighter
Though developed in 1940, the P-51 did not come into its own until late 1942 when the British, for whom the plane was originally built, decided to replace its standard Allison engine with the more powerful Merlin engine.  Still, it would take American military leaders nearly a year more before they understood the virtues and importance of the Mustang as the long range strike and escort fighter that would eventually change the course of the air war in Europe.
     The Mustang is the best Allied fighter of the war and although it does not have the attack of a FW due to the FW having 20mm and 30mm cannons vs. the P-51s mere six .50 cal machine guns.  The P-51 does however, have the range to escort the B-17s too and from their targets deep inside the Reich.  They can also tango with any Luftwaffe plane out there when the chance presents itself. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@Airborne
American Elite Infantry - Paras -
They represent the 101st and 82nd Airborne in particular.  Besides, there were not any major British airborne-invasions until the States were in the war anyway.  I wanted the icon to be an original so I took a Panzer General 2 C-47 and then a Civ2 modified paratrooper and stuck em both in the same box so to say. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@Supermarine Spitfire
British Superb Piston Fighter
Although aircraft have always inspired a reverence that would seem more appropriate for lovers or deities than for machines, the Spitfire, more than any fighting airplane in history, remains an object of near worship for many people.  This cannot be due to its combat record alone.  The Hawker Hurricane carried the clear majority of the load in the Battle of Britain.  Yet there were Spitfire fund raising events all across England, and none for the Hurri.  Unfortunately,
the Hurricane was the ample girl with the great personality, whereas the Spitfire could inspire admiration on another level altogether.  Certainly no aircraft has better embodied beauty, grace, speed, agility, and power.
     Supermarine's chief engineer, Reginald Mitchell, designed the Spitfire in the early 1930s.  He had considerable experience in high speed aircraft, having designed several racing sea planes.  His best, the Supermarine S6, set speed records and won the Schneider Trophy in 1931.  Unfortunately, he died in 1937 before his remarkable creation ever saw combat.
     Mitchell hated the name, Spitfire; he preferred "Shrew." Though his fighter would have been just as deadly no matter what it was called, it's doubtful that "Achtung - Shrew!" would have inspired quite the same initial terror among Luftwaffe pilots. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@Tank KW1
Soviet Heavy Tank
The KW1, after a brief appearance of the heavy T-100, became the standard Red Army's heavy tank until 1943.
The early models had the thickest armour that could be produced at that time. As it was, however, considered insufficient, KW1 were continually up-armoured to make them virtually invunerable to German anti-tank guns. Yet the more and more increasing weight of this armour was never compensated by an equivalent additional power from the engine. In order to provide a higher mobility, a limited number of lighter but faster KW tanks, denominated KW1s (where "s" stays for skorostnoy, or "fast"), was produced between August 1942 and June 1943.
When the production ceased, in 1943, some 13,500 KW1 had been built. They were replaced, for a few months, by a new model (the KW85) equipped by a bigger 85 mm gun. (from "Europe"!)

@@Royal Marines
British Amphibious Infantry
The elite of the British armed forces, the Royal Marines are the only British unit's capable of storming the beaches without first landing there.  They are a very dangerous enemy who you should watch out for when you see them in your territory.

@@Short Sunderland
British Long-range Patrol Flying Boat
A Sunderland operating off Norway was attacked by six German Ju-88 fighters shooting down three of the German aircraft and driving off the others.

@@King George V-Class
British Battleship
The "King George V" Class represented the capital ships of the rearmament programme begun in 1936. HMS "Prince of Wales" was subsequently sunk while in defense of Malaya on 10 December 1941 by Japanese aircraft in the South China Sea.

@@Admiral Hipper-Class
German heavy Cruiser
The five Admiral Hipper class cruisers were the first real cruisers of the new German Navy. "Admiral Hipper", "Blcher", "Prinz Eugen", "Seydlitz", "Ltzow".  
Ltzow was uncompleted sold to Russia in 1940 and was never completed. She was scraped in the late 1950s. The Seydlitz was to be converted to an aircraft carrier, but was never completed, too. The ship was captured by the Russians in Knigsberg and scrapped in 1958. 

@@Italian Infantry
German - Axis Infantry
This unit represents all of the Axis-troops during WW2 such as Italian, Romanian and Hungarian infantry.

@@Focke-Wulf FW TA400
German Long-distance Heavy Bomber - A-bomb -

@@Messerschmidt Me262
German Jet Fighter
In early 1939, the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Air Transport Ministry), or RLM, requested that Messerschmitt AG design a fighter powered by a pair of the new reaction-turbine engines then under development.  This design would eventually become the Me-262. (from "Ansteig"!)
The Me 262 was especially vulnerable as the turbojet's relatively low thrust resulted in slow cceleration. It took some time for the jet to get up to speed. But once there, no Allied aircraft could touch it. 

@@Gloster Meteor
British Jet Fighter
The first aircraft were delivered to the Royal Air Force on July 12, 1944 and one was also sent to the US in exchange for a Bell YP-59A Airacomet for comparative evaluation. The Meteor Mk. I saw action for the first time on July 27, 1944 against the V1 Flying Bomb. The Meteor never saw aerial combat against the Luftwaffe despite flying missions over Germany from January 1945, using the Mk. III variant from bases in Belgium.

@@Tank Sherman
American Medium Tank
This is the tank that the Allies can easily mass produce, but it is not all that great.  It has good firepower but if it takes a hit from one of the better German tanks, the chances are that it will perish.  An old saying is that it takes 5 Sherman tanks to kill one Panther.  You might find this to be true.  Luckily for the Allies, the Sherman can be produced in such numbers that they might just have those 5 Sherman Tanks per every German Panther. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@Wehrmacht Infantry
German Standard Infantry
The "Landser".

@@PzKpfw III
German Light Tank
This tank was the work horse of the German Army for the first half of the war and likewise, it will be the work horse of your ground forces for the first half of the scenario.  It was armed at first with a 37mm gun; this tank could fight most light and medium Allied tanks.  It only had trouble with the Allied heavy tanks that appeared early in the war such as the Matilda. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@IL-2 Stormovik
Soviet Groundattack-plane
Whereas the Luftwaffe stressed development of multiple roles for each of its military aircraft, the Soviet Union's Ilyushin Il-2 was created to be only one thing - a ground attack plane.  Without question, it was the premier aircraft of its kind in World War II.
     Like the Stuka, which is simply a shortened form of the German word for dive bomber, Shturmovik is the Russian designation for ground attack aircraft in general.  However, it became the name associated with the Il-2 in singular fashion.  To its pilots it was Ilyusha.  To the Soviet army it was The Flying Infantryman.  The Wehrmacht called it Black Death.
     Like most WWII aircraft, the Shturmovik's origins precede the outbreak of war, going back as far as 1930.  It wasn't until 1939 that a prototype of the aircraft that would become the Il-2 was finally created.  This was a single seater.  As an aircraft performing such a low altitude role cannot have an effective escort, a two seat version, with a rear gunner was developed.  Low
level attacks draw lots of ground fire.  Thus the Il-2 was outfitted with an armor "bathtub" to protect the engine and crew.  This same solution was employed four decades later on another low tech ground assault aircraft, the A-10 Warthog.
     The Shturmovik was produced in greater numbers than any aircraft in history. By War's end, over 40,000 had been made.  Luftwaffe pilots found them difficult to shoot down; some even reported seeing their bullets bounce off the Il-2's armor.  On the battlefield, often flying as low as 50 feet, in large formations, they had a devastating impact and were invaluable to Russia's eventual success.  In Stalin's words, "Our Army needs the Il-2 as much as it needs bread, as much as it needs the air it breathes." (from "Ansteig"!)

@@Iowa-Class
American Battleship
Four battleships of the Iowa-class battleships (BB-61 through BB-64) were built in the early 1940s in the United States. IOWA (BB-61) NEW JERSEY (BB-62) MISSOURI (BB-63) WISCONSIN(BB-64)
Scraped: ILLINOIS (BB-65) KENTUCKY (BB-66).

@@British Infantry
British Standard Infantry

@@de Havilland Mosquito
British Medium Bomber
The de Havilland Mosquito was a military aircraft that saw action in World War II with several allied air forces. Unorthodox in design, it utilised a wooden structure when such construction was considered outdated. The Mosquito, although originally developed as an unarmed tactical bomber, was mostly used as a fighter due to its speed and agility. Its various roles spanned from nocturnal intercept and intrusion to diurnal long-range fighter-bomber. It was also widely used to mark targets for night-time strategic bombing.

@@Junkers Ju88
German Medium Bomber
The Ju-88 was a distinctive aircraft, with a large insect-eye nose and the ability to adapt to virtually every role Germany demanded.  With the exception of close dogfighting, the Ju-88 excelled in a variety of roles: dive bomber, night fighter, tank buster, anti-shipping platform, and pathfinder.  Eventually production of the Luftwaffes workhorse totaled some 14,980 aircraft. (from "Ansteig"!)

@@US Infantry
American Standard Infantry
The "GI".

@@Fortress
Fortification
This unit represents all of the major defenses of the war.  It represents the Maginot Line, the seven major forts of Sevastopol, the defensive lines constructed alongside southern Britain in anticipation of Operation Sea Lion.  They can be very hard to crack and even Battleships can be killed when attacking a fortified Fortification unit. (from "Ansteig"!) 
 
@@Admiral
German Admiral - Spy -


@TERRAIN_AND_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the TERRAIN.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Settlers will be the 50'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@TERRAIN_INDEX
0,			; Wste
8,			; Prrie
3,			; Wiesen
1,			; Forst
4,			; Hgel
6,			; Berge
11,			; Tundra
2,			; Industrie
10,			; Sumpf
5,			; Kornkammer
7,			; Ozean
24,			; Oase
12,			; Bffel
3,			; Wiesen
18,			; Wild
13,			; Kohle
21,			; Gold
18,			; Wild
23,			; Elfenbein
26,			; Torf
20,			; Edelsteine
14,			; Fisch
25,			; Wstenl
30,			; Weizen
3,			; Grassland
27,			; Seide
31,			; Wein
22,			; Eisen
16,			; Pelze
25,			; Gletscher l
28,			; Gewrze
15,			; Obst
29,			; Walfische
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

;Terrain Types
@@Desert
Deserts are arid stretches of land characterized by an annual rainfall of less than ten inches. Adding to the dry environment is the fact that, because the desert atmosphere has such low humidity, evaporation of moisture from the ground exceeds precipitation. Many deserts are characterized by extremely high daytime temperatures and equally low night time temperatures. Only the hardiest plants and animals can survive in the harsh desert environment. Despite the perception that deserts are composed of useless sand, most desert soil is naturally fertile because little water moves through the desert to carry away nutrients. Through the use of artificial irrigation, humans have managed to grow crops in desert environments. If this is not done carefully, it can lead to irreversible environmental damage when the meager water supply that is tapped for the irrigation process is depleted.

@@Forest
Extensive areas of land covered by a thick growth of trees and related ground vegetation are classified as forests. There are several different types of forest, determined primarily by climate and the type of vegetation they contain. Forests of some type exist on nearly every continent in the world. Forests are a valuable source of natural resources, providing wood for paper products, building, and other purposes. The harvesting of trees must be done carefully, however. If not done in moderation, lumbering can destroy the natural habitat for indigenous animal species, and destroy the ecology of the land. Government regulations limiting the amount of trees that can be cut, and requiring the lumber industry to plant new trees to replace what they have harvested, help to prevent major ecological damage as a result of deforestation.

@@Industrial
Gebiet mit hoher Dichte an Fabriken. Hchste Schilddichte!

@@Grassland
The areas of land between desert regions and forests in temperate and tropical climates usually consist of grasslands. These fertile regions, covered with various types of vegetation, once occupied large areas of North and South America, Africa, and Eurasia. These areas are characterized by marked wet and dry seasons, with annual periods of drought. Although many grasslands are naturally occurring, grasslands can also be created through deforestation of woodland areas. Grasslands are often cultivated and used as pastures and grazing lands. Because of the relatively low rainfall in these regions, the topsoil is high in nutrients. Grasslands are, therefore, well suited for growing crops, especially grain crops.

@@Hills
Rolling areas of the countryside, often found between plains and more mountainous regions are known as hills, or foothills. These areas, often covered with rich soil and grasses or heavily forested, are rich in resources. Coal, iron, lead, copper, and even gold and silver may be found in these regions, making them profitable areas for the mining industry. In areas where the below-ground resources are scarce, hill areas are often cultivated for agricultural purposes. Certain crops such as coffee and grapes thrive in these regions, given the proper climate.

@@Kornkammer
Getreideanbaugebiet mit hoher Ertragsrate. Hchste Kornanzahl!

@@Mountains
Mountains are areas of high elevation, usually consisting of a chain of rugged peaks and valleys. Most mountains are formed when the plates making up the Earth's crust impact or slide against one another, raising layers of rock above the surrounding land. Mountains can also be formed by volcanic action, or through the effects of erosion. Although generally poor agricultural regions, mountains are often a source of great mineral wealth, with large deposits of gold and other valuable ores. Aside from their economic value, mountains provide a natural defensive barrier, shielding human settlements from invaders. Extensive mountain ranges can also greatly affect the weather patterns of a region by blocking and diverting wind and storms.

@@Ocean
The oceans and seas of the world cover almost three-quarters of our planet. They are home to millions of life forms ranging from microscopic plankton to whales, the largest mammals in the world. The animals and plants that inhabit the sea provide an excellent source of food. For centuries, coastal and island cultures have thrived on the resources and easy access to trade provided by the sea. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, a combination of over-harvesting of marine animals and increased pollution have begun to threaten fragile coastal ecologies. Some species of marine life are seriously threatened. For example, the whaling industry, which thrived in the 19th and early 20th century, is responsible for hunting certain species of whales to near-extinction. Government regulations concerning the dumping of pollutants and the indiscriminate harvesting of marine life are constantly being updated in response to these growing problems.

@@Plains
Plains are vast, open tracts of land, usually with very few trees and covered with vegetation such as sage brush and various grasses. Plains are similar to grasslands, except that the topsoil is often not as well suited for growing food. Often, rich deposits of minerals are also found in plains regions. The indigenous plants of the plains makes them well suited for grazing. Large herds of buffalo and other animals can often be found roaming the area. With the proper irrigation, plains can be easily cultivated into adequate farmland for the production of grains and the raising of livestock.

@@River
Fed by natural springs, snow melt, and small tributary streams, rivers flow from mountains and other upland sources into larger rivers, lakes, and oceans. Rivers can be found in almost any terrain, from lush jungles and forests to arid desert regions. Since the dawn of civilization, towns and cities have grown up around rivers because the land in river valleys is usually very fertile, and well-suited for farming. In addition, the river provided easy and quick access between towns by boat for trade and travel. Water could be channeled from rivers via aqueducts to cities some distance from the river for the purposes of irrigation. Rivers are also good sources of mineral resources, and can provide power to run machinery and generate electricity.

@@Swamp
Swamps are wetlands which are largely uninhabitable by humans. These areas are usually flooded with water, ranging in depth from a few inches to several feet, due to heavy rainfall and overflow from nearby lakes and rivers. Although inhospitable for human life, swamps are teeming with both animal and plant life. Certain spices and useful substances such as peat, which is used as a fertilizer, can be found in abundance in certain swamp areas. Swampland is often drained, and converted into grassland and plains in order to make it more useful for resource and food production. However, environmental groups have been successful in slowing the destruction of wetlands, and setting up sanctuaries for the wildlife that inhabits these regions.

@@Tundra
In the far-northern regions of the world, and in isolated regions in the Antarctic, there are thousands of miles of barren plains known as tundra. These regions have an extremely low average temperature, and a very short summer season. The primary characteristic of the tundra is a layer of permanently frozen soil known as permafrost just below the topsoil layer, which prevents many plants from taking root and making agriculture all but impossible. Like deserts, the tundra receives little precipitation; however, the flat, frozen ground keeps groundwater from draining, forming bogs where various grasses, moss, and other simple vegetation can grow. Despite the harsh environment, a wide variety of animal life flourishes in the tundra, providing possible sources of food, and providing trade potential for the fur and trapping industry.

;Special Resources

@@Buffalo
The plains areas of the world are inhabited by roaming herds of many different varieties of animals. These herd animals have been hunted, both for sport and for food and pelts, throughout history. Some of these animals can even be domesticated and used for farming and other purposes. One of the most widespread herd animals is the buffalo, various species of which are found throughout the world. Bison, commonly referred to as buffalo, were once the most dominant species of the North American plains. Bison were a valuable resource to native American tribes, who hunted the animals as a source of food and pelts. When European settlers began to expand to the west, the bison was hunted to the brink of extinction by thrill-seekers and sports hunters.

@@Coal
More than 300 million years ago, plant life growing in swamps began to decompose. Layers of sand and mud covered the decomposing plants, and the decaying plants were compressed by the combined weight of water and sediment. Over time, the plant matter hardened and became coal. Coal deposits are mined all over the world, and coal was one of the major fuel sources in the world through the 1970's. In many countries, concern over the environmental effects of the burning of coal has led to a decline in its use. The smoke produced by burning coal has a high acid content, and creates an environmental condition known as "acid rain", which is harmful to plant and animal life. Despite the environmental concerns, some of the largest coal mines in the U.S. each still produce more than 450,000 metric tons annually, making coal mining a very profitable industry.

@@Fish
Prevailing winds, ocean currents, and deep water trenches can often combine to produce conditions that are optimum for fishing. In areas such as the Pacific coast of Central and South America, offshore winds push the warm surface waters out to deeper waters. Underwater currents push cold, nutrient-rich water from deep below the surface back toward the coast. The high concentration of nutrients in this colder water, caused by decomposition of organic matter at extreme depths, creates an ideal environment for fish and other sea life. Civilizations with access to areas such as this can significantly increase their food supply by establishing a thriving fishing industry.

@@Fruit
The tropical environments that are so conducive to the growth of jungles also provide the perfect environment for growing certain fruits. Bananas, for example, originally native to the jungles of Southeast Asia, are an excellent, naturally occurring food crop. Many such fruits, including the banana, can be transplanted and grown in similar climates all over the world.

@@Furs
Throughout history, animal furs have been valuable commodities for trade and sale. Many different types of animals including minks, rabbits, and beavers have been captured by trappers for the purpose of obtaining their pelts for use in the making of clothing and other items. The exploration and colonization of the New World caused the fur industry to boom by making a variety of furs readily available. By the late 1800's, farms were set up specifically to raise animals for the fur industry. Starting in the 1970's, environmentalists and animal rights groups have lobbied to change public opinion concerning the harvesting and sale of furs. Despite these vocal groups, the fur industry remains profitable, if not as wide spread, in the world today.

@@Game (Forest)
@@Pheasant
Since ancient times, hunting of game animals has been important both for survival and for sport. Forested areas containing a large concentration of deer, elk, and smaller game were very valuable as a source of food for nearby settlements and cities. Though the widespread practice of farming domestic animals for food purposes has made hunting for sport much more common than hunting for food, certain animals such as geese, ducks, and deer are still frequently hunted and killed for food.

@@Musk Ox
Settlements in the sparse tundra regions of the arctic cannot raise crops and domestic animals for food due to the harsh conditions. They are, therefore, much more dependent on the hunting and trapping of local wildlife for food. The many species of birds and small game, as well as larger animals such as elk and caribou, provide a source of food in an environment that is otherwise barren and inhospitable.

@@Gems
Gemstones, treasured throughout time for their beauty and value, have always been a sought-after commodity. Most gemstones, such as diamonds, are mined in various areas throughout the world, most notably Africa. Some of the most notable gem deposits, however, have been found in archeological digs. The ruins of ancient civilizations in the jungles of Central and South America have sometimes been found to hide large quantities of precious and semi-precious gems, as well as gold and other items of value. The discovery of such a site can lead to an increase in trade in the areas surrounding the dig, as both professional and amateur treasure hunters swarm to the region to seek their fortune.

@@Gold
Gold has always been one of the most highly valued metals in the world. It is used in the manufacture of everything from jewelry to electronics, and has been established as the basis for monetary systems world wide. The factor that makes gold valuable is its rarity. Although gold can be found in many different areas, the most valuable deposits are large veins of gold ore running through mountains. When a large deposit is found, mining the deposit greatly boosts the economy in settlements and cities near the mine. An historical example of this phenomenon are the many towns that grew and prospered over a relatively short time during the California gold rush in America during the 1800's.

@@Iron
When early civilizations began to use metal to construct tools and weapons, the most commonly used metal was bronze. Bronze had the advantage of being readily available and easy to work with. Unfortunately, it was too soft to hold an effective edge. In the mid-14th century in central Europe, iron replaced bronze as the metal of choice, and the Iron Age was begun. Since this time, iron has been a valuable commodity. Deposits of iron and iron ore found in mountains are mined and processed for use in their raw form, and in the production of steel.

@@Ivory
Ivory, the hard substance of which elephant tusks are composed, is highly sought for the carving of ornamental objects. Most ivory is obtained from the tusks of African elephants, but other sources include the tusks of walruses and the fossilized tusks of prehistoric elephants and mammoths found in the northern glacial regions of the world. Although importation of ivory has been banned in many countries due to the fact that many of the species from which it is obtained are now endangered, the ivory trade was once a widespread and profitable venture.

@@Oasis
In rare instances, underground reservoirs or rivers beneath a desert may run near the surface, forming a lake in the middle of an otherwise barren region of land. The presence of water allows plants to grow, and may even attract animal life. An oasis makes it easier for human settlements to survive in desert climates by providing rich soil for the growing of food crops. Since they are so rare, oases are fiercely guarded by desert dwellers who are lucky enough to stumble across them.

@@Oil
Oil has been known to humans since ancient times. Oil deposits found on the surface were used for centuries for waterproofing and fuel purposes. But it was not until the coming of the Industrial Revolution that civilization began to form a dependence on petroleum products. The widespread use of oil for fuel, lubrication, and other purposes led to a search for larger supplies. In the mid 1800's, the first oil wells were drilled, marking the beginning of a tremendously important and profitable industry. Today, with the world's oil supplies dwindling and the demand for oil constantly rising, oil is a more valuable resource than ever.

@@Peat
Some bogs and swamps contain a brown organic material known as peat. Peat is made up of partially-decomposed plant matter, and has a high carbon content. Although dried peat is sometimes compressed and burned as fuel, the most valuable use for peat is as a fertilizer and mulch for farming and gardening. The high mineral content and its ability to retain moisture make peat well-suited to this purpose.

@@Silk
Silk has been a valuable commodity for textiles since its properties were discovered in the 27th century BC. Silk is obtained from the cocoon of the silkworm moth, which was originally native to the forests of China. The fine fibers of the cocoon is woven into cloth, which is used to make all types of clothing. Raw silk was obtained only from Asia until 550 AD, when two monks sent from the Roman Empire secretly stole silkworm eggs from China and brought them to Europe. Eventually, silkworms were found in many areas throughout the world. Less expensive synthetic fibers of the 20th century led to a decline in the silk market, but silk is still very popular in many types of clothing and other goods.

@@Spice
Certain types of plants have evolved in such a way that they produce mild toxins or repellents that make their odor or flavor distasteful to animals. Oddly enough, many of these plants were sought by humans because of these smells and tastes. A profitable spice trade was begun by merchants in the Middle East before 2000 BC. Spices are used now, as they were in the ancient world, to preserve food and enhance its flavor. Although spices are now commercially cultivated and prepared, most types can still be found in abundance in nature. Many of the most popular spices, such as cloves and nutmeg, are extracted from plants that grow in tropical or swampy regions of the world.

@@Whales
Whaling, the hunting and killing of whales for oil and other byproducts, was practiced as an organized industry as early as 875 AD. By the 16th century, it had risen to be the principle industry in the coastal regions of Spain and France. The industry spread throughout the world, and became increasingly profitable in terms of trade and resources. Some regions of the world's oceans, along the animals' migration routes, had a particularly dense whale population, and became the targets for large concentrations of whaling ships, and the industry continued to grow well into the 20th century. The depletion of some whale species to near extinction led to the banning of whaling in many countries by 1969, and to a worldwide cessation of whaling as an industry in the late 1980's.

@@Wheat
Wheat has been a staple crop for civilizations occupying temperate zones of the planet since pre-historic times. There is archeological evidence that bread wheat was cultivated in southern Turkestan as early as 6000 BC, though naturally occurring wheat was probably used for food purposes much earlier. Throughout the temperate zones, wheat has become the primary food crop. It is particularly well suited for growth in vast, open plains like those found in the central United States.

@@Wine
Wine, a beverage made from fermented grapes, was first produced as early as 6000 BC. Its use spread throughout the Middle East and Egypt, and it quickly became a popular beverage of the ancient world. The grapes used for the making of wine are grown in many different regions of the world. Most vineyards are located in hills and valleys of temperate regions. Wine making as an industry has been perfected over several centuries. Many regions such as the Rhine and Loire valleys of Europe are well known for their fine wines, and derive a significant portion of their economy from wine making.

@GOVERNMENT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the GOVERN.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Fundamentalism will be the 5'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@GOVERNMENT_INDEX
0,			; Anarchy
1,			; Despotism
5,			; Communism
2,			; Faschism
4,			; Fundamentalism
6,			; Republic
3,			; Democracy
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Anarchy
Anarchy represents not so much a government type as the lack of any stable government. Anarchy occurs when your civilization's government falls, or when you decide to have a Revolution. After a few turns of Anarchy, you can rebuild a new government. Anarchy is similar to Despotism, except that the corruption rate is VERY HIGH. However, no taxes are collected during a period of Anarchy, and no scientific research is conducted.

@@Despotism	
In a Despotism, the ruler has absolute control over his or her subjects, and this control is usually enforced by the military. This system has a tendency to minimize individual freedom, and reduce the efficiency of production efforts. 

* Each unit above the city size costs one Shield per turn.
* Settlers eat one Food per turn.

Up to three military units in each city institute "martial law". Each of these units makes one unhappy citizen content.

Despotism has a high rate of corruption and waste. The farther a city is from your capital, the higher its level of corruption.

* Under a Despotism, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 60%.
* Any terrain square that ordinarily produces three or more of any resource (Food, Shields, or Trade) produces one less.
* Because of Despotism's high rate of corruption, it is almost always an inferior form of government. Try to switch to a Monarchy as soon as possible.

@@Communism
A Communist government is ruled by a controlling party, with a single person, known as a chairman, acting as the head of state. In a true Communist system, all property is owned collectively by the people, and labor is organized to be equally advantageous to all people. This ideal has never truly been realized, however, and the "Communist" governments of the world are usually much different.

* Each unit beyond the third unit costs one Shield per turn.
* Settlers eat one Food per turn.

Up to three military units in each city institute "martial law". Each of these units makes two unhappy citizens content.

Under Communism, state control of the economy eliminates organized crime. Your cities, therefore, experience no corruption.

* All Spy units produced under Communist governments are Veterans.
* Under Communism, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 80%. 

* Communism is best for large, far-flung empires that need to maintain a large military.
* Use your powerful Spies to steal technology from the capitalist pigs!

@@Democracy
A Democracy is ruled by a president elected by the people. The rulings of the president are subject to review by the Senate, a group of elected representatives who serve the best interests of the citizens. Democracy allows its citizens a higher degree of personal freedom and involvement than any other form of government.

* Each unit costs one shield per turn.
* Settlers eat two Food per turn.

Each unit that is not in a friendly city (or in a Fortress within three squares of a friendly city) causes two citizens in its home city to become unhappy.

Democracies experience no corruption or waste.

* Tax/Luxury/Science rates can be set to any level desired.
* Under a Democracy, each square that ordinarily produces at least one unit of Trade produces an extra unit of Trade.
* The units and cities of a Democracy are immune to bribery in any form.
* Your senate may force a peaceful solution in a conflict.

* Democracies can produce spectacular amounts of revenue and scientific research. However, because of the severe happiness restrictions on military units, this form of government tends to be viable only for large, advanced civilizations.
* Increasing your Luxury rate and building Improvements and Wonders can help alleviate unhappiness.

@@Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism is a form of government organized around a central set of beliefs. These beliefs, usually religious in nature, form a rigid guideline for the actions and reactions of both the ruler and the people. In a Fundamentalist society, the people and the rulers are entirely devoted to their beliefs, and are usually willing to die to preserve them.

* Each unit beyond the tenth unit costs one Shield per turn (except Fanatics, which never require maintenance).
* Settlers eat two Food per turn.

Under Fundamentalism, no citizen is ever unhappy!

Fundamentalism has a very low rate of corruption.

* Under Fundamentalism, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 80%.
* Under Fundamentalism, all Science production is HALVED.
* Improvements that normally convert unhappy citizens to content citizens produce "tithes" (money) equivalent to the number of people they would normally convert, and require no maintenance.
* The diplomatic penalties for terrorist acts committed by Diplomats and Spies is reduced.

* Fundamentalism eliminates all happiness problems and provides excellent revenue, although research tends to languish.

@@Monarchy
A Monarchy is ruled by a single person, known as a monarch. The monarch's rule is less absolute than that of a despot, and he or she usually has the acceptance of at least the upper-class. The aristocrats under this system of government have some economic freedom, allowing the civilization to be more productive. 

* Each unit beyond the third unit costs one Shield per turn.
* Settlers eat one Food per turn.

Up to three military units in each city institute "martial law". Each of these units makes one unhappy citizen content.

Monarchy has a moderate rate of corruption and waste. The farther a city is from your capital, the higher its level of corruption.

* Under a Monarchy, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 70%.

* Monarchy is an excellent form of government for a young civilization.

@@Republic
A Republic is an assembly of autonomous city-states under the control of a central government. Although the central government has the ultimate say in matters that affect the society as a whole, the city-states are given a certain amount of latitude in the governing of local affairs. Decisions are made by the ruler, but are subject to review by a group of officials known as the Senate.

* Each unit costs one shield per turn.
* Settlers eat two Food per turn.

Each unit beyond the first unit that is not in a friendly city (or in a Fortress within three squares of a friendly city) causes one citizen in its home city to become unhappy.

Republics experience a low rate of corruption and waste. The farther a city is from your capital, the higher its level of corruption.

* Under a Republic, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 80%.
* Your senate may force a peaceful solution in a conflict.

* Switching to a Republic can give an astounding boost to your Science and Luxury revenues, although you will probably be forced to shift some Trade to Luxuries in order to prevent unhappiness.
* Republics make it difficult and expensive to keep a sizable army in the field, but building certain Improvements and Wonders can help to alleviate this problem.

@CONCEPT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the CONCEPT.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;

@@Disband
When a friendly unit becomes obsolete, costs too much to maintain, or causes unhappiness among your population, you might want to eliminate the unit. To eliminate a unit, order it to disband by holding down the shift key and pressing "D", or by selecting "Disband" from the Orders menu. Once disbanded, the unit is permanently removed from the game.

When a unit is disbanded inside a friendly city, half of the unit's production cost in Shields is added to the production of whatever unit, Improvement, or Wonder is currently under production in the city.

@@Fortify
Roman legions on campaign halted their march early enough each evening to build a completely fortified camp for the night. They had learned the value of defensive fortifications when under attack. Where possible, it was the standard practice of most armies to build defensive works of some type whenever expecting an attack. Fortified defenders had their fighting strength multiplied, making it much harder to defeat them.

Ground units can be ordered to fortify by pressing the "F" key, or by selecting "Fortify" from the Orders menu. The defensive value of fortified units is increased by 50 percent.

@@Fortress
Once your civilization has discovered Construction, Settlers and Engineers have the ability to construct fortresses. Fortresses can be utilized to defend city perimeters and to block key points of access from enemy armies. A properly manned fortress can provide an effective defense by doubling the defensive strength of all units stationed within. Unlike normal combat, units stacked within a fortress defend and are destroyed one at a time in battle, rather than being destroyed simultaneously. Fortresses themselves do not suffer damage in the attack.

Settlers and Engineers can construct fortresses by pressing the "F" key, or choosing the Build Fortress command from the Orders menu. Units within a fortress have their defensive strengths doubled. Under a Republic, units stationed inside fortresses built within three squares of their home city do not cause unhappiness.

@@Irrigation
When the early farmers moved down from the hills into the valleys of the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates Rivers, they had to develop the technology of irrigation. The freshwater rivers passed through lands essentially barren due to the lack of rainfall. Through irrigation, water could be removed from the rivers and spread on the nearby land, making it suitable for farming.

Irrigation increases Food production in Grasslands, Plains, Deserts, and Hills. Only squares vertically or horizontally adjacent to water (Oceans or Rivers) or another irrigated square can be irrigated. After the discovery of Refrigeration, terrain squares can be double-irrigated to create farmland. Settlers and Engineers can be ordered to irrigate by pressing the "I" key, or by selecting "Build Irrigation" from the Orders menu.

@@Luxuries
The provision of Luxuries for your citizens is indicated by the goblet icons in the Resource Box of the City Display. Each two Luxuries makes one content citizen happy, or one unhappy citizen content. The amount of Luxuries a city produces is mainly determined by the percentage of Trade you have allocated to Luxuries. This can be adjusted using the "Change Tax Rate" command on the Kingdom menu. A city's Luxuries can also be increased by building certain City Improvements and Wonders of the World, and by converting citizens into Entertainers.

@@Mining
Early civilizations had little difficulty locating nearly pure deposits of useful metals, such as gold, silver, and copper, lying exposed on the Earth's surface. As time passed, the surface deposits were exhausted, and people began digging into the ground to look for more. Mining and excavation for metals and other valuable materials continues today.

Mining increases the Shield production of Deserts and Mountains by one, and increases the Shield production of Hills by 3. Settlers and Engineers can be ordered to dig mines by pressing the "M" key, or by choosing the "Build Mine" command from the Orders menu.

@@Pillage
The terrain improvements built by other civilizations (irrigation, mines, roads, etc.) can be destroyed by moving a unit into the improved terrain square and ordering the unit to pillage. This reduces the production value of the land, and forces your enemy to re-develop the terrain.

Units can be ordered to pillage by holding down the shift key and pressing "P", or by choosing the "Pillage" command from the Orders menu. The unit must be ordered to pillage once for each of the terrain improvements you want to destroy. A fully developed terrain square (farmland with a railroad, for example) must be pillaged four times in order to remove all improvements.

@@Pollution
Pollution is most commonly caused by the excessive production of Shields in a city; however, it may also be caused by large city populations (after the discovery of the Automobile), nuclear attacks, or the meltdown of a Nuclear Plant. When a city poses a potential pollution problem, skulls on yellow triangles appear in the Information Box of the City Display. The more skulls a city generates, the higher the city's chance of polluting a terrain square within the city radius each turn. When world pollution reaches sufficiently critical levels, there is a chance that global warming can occur.

Pollution can be cleaned up by moving Settlers or Engineers into the polluted square and pressing the "P" key, or choosing the "Clean Up Pollution" command from the Orders menu. Pollution production of cities can be reduced through the construction of certain City Improvements, or by reducing the city's Shield production.

@@Railroads
Railroads revolutionized transportation by providing a relatively cheap and fast method of moving people, raw materials, finished goods, and troops over great distances. Not only did they support and encourage industrial growth by dramatically reducing transport time and costs, they also spurred technological research. Railroads were among the first great industrial corporations.

Railroads can be built by Settlers and Engineers after the discovery of the Railroad. They are constructed by moving onto terrain containing a road, and pressing the "R" key, or by selecting the "Build Railroad" command from the Orders menu. Units moving along a railroad expend no movement points. Railroads increase Shield and Trade production by 50 percent (rounded down).

@@Roads
A network of good quality roads improves travel between cities. Roads were important to ancient civilizations for trade and the movement of troops. As technology grew, roads were improved. Modern, paved roads are passable in almost any type of weather, and can be traversed much more quickly than dirt roads.

Roads can be built by Settlers and Engineers by pressing the "R" key, or by selecting the "Build Road" command from the Orders menu. Roads can be built in any terrain except Oceans; however, they cannot be built in a River square until the discovery of Bridge Building. Units moving along roads expend only one third of a movement point per square, regardless of terrain type. Roads also increase the amount of Trade produced by Deserts, Plains, and Grasslands.

@@Science
The amount of scientific research contributed by a city is indicated by the beaker icons shown in the Resource Chart of the City Display. At the start of each turn, the science output of each city is added to the research project currently in progress, eventually resulting in the discovery of a new Civilization Advance. The more beakers each city produces, the faster new Advances are discovered. The amount of science produced by your civilization is primarily determined by the amount of incoming Trade you have allocated to science. This percentage can be adjusted by selecting the "Change Tax Rate" command on the Kingdom menu.

The science output of individual cities and your civilization as a whole can also be increased by building certain City Improvements and Wonders of the World, or by converting citizens into Scientists.

@@Sentry
Units ordered to go on sentry duty appear as gray silhouettes. These units are removed from the movement queue, and remain on sentry duty until another unit moves into their sight range or until they are manually reactivated. Units on sentry duty inside a city are automatically loaded onto ships (up to the ship's unit carrying capacity) when the ship leaves the city.

Units are placed on sentry duty by pressing the "S" key, or by choosing the "Sentry" option on the Orders menu. Damaged units placed on sentry inside a city become active when they have been completely repaired.

@@Shields
The production of raw materials by your cities is represented by shield icons. Thus, raw materials are commonly referred to as "Shields". The number of Shields produced by each city is displayed in the Resource Chart of the City Display. Shields are used to support units. Each unit might, depending on government type and other circumstances, require that its home city expend one Shield per turn to support the unit. Excess Shields not used to support units are used for the production of City Improvements, Wonders of the World, and new units.

Shield production largely depends on the type of terrain surrounding the city. In most circumstances, Shield production of a city can be increased through the construction of certain Improvements and Wonders. The construction of mines also improves Shield production in certain types of terrain.

@@Specialists
The citizen icons displayed in the Population Roster of the City Display represent the city's work force. Each citizen added to the roster is automatically put to work developing one of the terrain squares within the city radius. In certain situations it may become necessary to remove a citizen from terrain production in order to perform a specific task. Citizens so removed are called specialists. There are three types of specialist, each of which increases one of the three components of Trade produced by a city. Entertainers increase Luxuries, Tax Men increase Taxes, and Scientists increase Science production.

To create a specialist, click on any production square in the City Map. The production icons disappear from the square, and an Entertainer appears in the Population Roster. To create a Tax Man, click the Entertainer icon once. To create a Scientist, first create a Tax Man, then click the Tax Man icon once. Cities must be size five or larger to support Tax Men and Scientists.

@@Taxes
The Taxes collected by a city are indicated by gold coin icons in the Resource Chart of the City Display. Taxes are used primarily to pay the maintenance cost of City Improvements each turn. Any tax revenues not used for maintenance of Improvements are added to your treasury. The amount of Taxes generated by the city is primarily determined by the amount of incoming Trade you have allocated to Taxes. This can be adjusted by selecting the "Change Tax Rate" option from the Kingdom menu.

Tax revenues can also be increased through the construction of certain City Improvements and Wonders of the World, or by converting citizens into Tax Men.

@@Trade
Trade represents more than just the exchange of goods and cash between cities and civilizations. Trade also represents the exchange of knowledge and ideas, and the recreational travel and activities of the citizens of your civilization. The total amount of Trade produced by each city is represented by double-arrow icons displayed in the Resource Chart of the City Display. Trade is then broken down into three separate components: Taxes, Luxuries, and Science. The amount of Trade allocated to each of these areas is controlled by selecting the "Change Tax Rate" option on the Kingdom menu.

Trade can be increased through the construction of certain City Improvements and Wonders of the World. It can also be increased through terrain improvements, and through the establishment of trade routes.

@@Trade Routes
Trade routes are established by moving a Caravan or Freight unit into a city at least ten squares from the unit's home city. You receive an immediate cash payment on the turn that the route is established. On each ensuing turn, each city receives a Trade bonus for as long as the trade route exists. The farther apart the two cities are, the more valuable the trade route. Trade routes established with cities of a rival civilization tend to be more profitable than those established between friendly cities. Each city may have up to three active trade routes at any time.

When using the Advanced Trade rules, the value of a trade route is also affected by the type of goods traded. When trading a commodity that is demanded by the destination city, the trade route is much more profitable.

@@Veteran Units
During the American Civil War, soldiers who had never been in battle were said to have "seen the elephant" after being under fire for the first time. Afterward, they were considered veterans. History shows that well-trained, veteran soldiers are much more likely to survive a battle than inexperienced troops.

Units have a 50 percent chance of becoming Veterans each time they survive a combat encounter. Cities with a Barracks Improvement automatically produce Veteran units, as do all cities under the influence of the Sun Tzu's War Academy Wonder. The attack and defense factors of Veteran units is increased by 50 percent.

@@Corruption and Waste
As your civilization grows, you might notice that some of your cities are losing some of their Trade and Shields to corruption and waste. Corruption is Trade income that is lost to theft, embezzlement, and other illegal practices. Waste is Shield production that is lost to inefficiency. The farther a city is from your capital, the more corruption and waste it experiences. The amount of corruption and waste is also affected by the system of government you are using.
 
Corruption and waste, if left unchecked, can significantly slow the development of your civilization. Both corruption and waste can be reduced by 50 percent by building a Courthouse in the city experiencing the problem. The best solution, however, is to switch your system of government to a more advanced form. The more advanced the government, the less corruption and waste you experience. Communism and Democracy alleviate this problem altogether.

@@Unhappiness Due to Civ Size
Once you have built a certain number of cities, your citizens start to worry about your ability to effectively govern your civilization. When this occurs, additional unhappy citizens appear in each city.

The number of cities you can build before causing additional unhappiness is based on a number of factors, including game difficulty level and government type. The number of cities is higher for more advanced governments and lower levels of difficulty.

@@Combat Damage
It is now possible for units to be damaged as a result of combat. In each successful attack, a unit inflicts an amount of damage equal to its Firepower rating. The amount of damage a unit can sustain before it is destroyed is determined by multiplying the unit's Hit Point rating by ten.

The approximate amount of damage a unit has sustained can be determined by the length and color of the unit's damage bar (the colored bar at the top of the unit's shield symbol). A green bar indicates that the unit has lost from 0 to 33 percent of its Hit Points, a yellow bar shows that the unit has lost from 34 to 66 percent, and a red bar indicates that it has lost 67 percent or more.

Damage also affects the movement of a unit. The percentage of movement lost is equivalent to the percentage of Hit Points lost. Sea units can never have their movement reduced below two. The movement of air units is not affected by damage.

@@Transforming Terrain
In addition to the changes to Terrain that can be made through irrigation and mining, Engineers are able to transform map squares into a radically different Terrain types by using the "Transform" command on the Orders menu. Terrain transformation is particularly useful if the Terrain surrounding a city doesn't produce sufficient resources.

See the Civilopedia entries for each Terrain type for the results of Engineer transformation.

@@Airbases
After the discovery of Radio, your Settlers and Engineers have the ability to construct Airbases. Airbases act as remote refueling stations for Fighters, Bombers, Stealth Fighters, and Stealth Bombers. Strategically placed Airbases effectively extend the range of these units, allowing them to operate farther from friendly cities and Carriers.

To build an Airbase, chose the "Airbase" command from the Orders menu, or press the "e" key.

@@Airlift
After the discovery of Combined Arms, you have the ability to perform Airlift operations between your cities. Airlifting allows you to move units instantly over great distances. In order to Airlift a unit between two cities, both cities must have an Airport.

To Airlift a unit, move the unit into a city with an Airport and choose "Airlift" from the Orders menu, or press the "l" key. A menu of possible destinations appears. Choose the destination city from the menu, and the unit is instantly transported to that city. The unit becomes available for use on the following turn.

@@City Squares
;Translation Note: This refers to the map squares occupied by cities, not "Town Squares".
The resources utilized by a city are not only generated in the squares surrounding the city: they are also generated by the city square itself. The city square generates all the resources normally produced by the Terrain type on which the city is built. In addition, the Terrain square occupied by the city is improved to the maximum extent possible. The city square automatically contains a road, which is upgraded to a railroad when the Railroad Advance is discovered. The city square is also automatically irrigated or mined, depending on the type of terrain. Finally, if the city is built on Terrain that normally produces no Shields, one Shield is automatically added to the other resources generated in the city square. These enhancements ensure that the city square produces the maximum amount of resources possible.


@This must be here to terminate search!!!
