Okay, so here are a couple of attempts I have made with your suggestion of putting X11/xpm.h in the /usr/include directory. This first output is when I ran configure without giving a path to the xpm.h file. (i.e. I didn't use --with-xpm-include="/usr/include") In the second output below, I did use the command line argument above and got the same error. I also tried the path "/usr/include/" and got the same error. p-houk@PHILIP /cygdrive/c/freeciv-1.13.0 $ ./configure --with-xaw --with-xpm-lib="/lib/noX" --x-includes="/usr/X11R6/in lude" --x-libraries="/usr/X11R6/lib" --disable-esdtest --disable-sdl-mixer loading cache ./config.cache checking for a BSD compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking whether make sets ${MAKE}... yes checking for working aclocal... found checking for working autoconf... found checking for working automake... found checking for working autoheader... found checking for working makeinfo... found checking whether to enable maintainer-specific portions of Makefiles... no checking for gawk... gawk checking for gcc... gcc checking whether the C compiler (gcc ) works... yes checking whether the C compiler (gcc ) is a cross-compiler... no checking whether we are using GNU C... yes checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E checking whether ln -s works... yes checking for ranlib... ranlib checking for uname... uname checking host system type... i686-pc-cygwin checking for strerror in -lcposix... no checking for ANSI C header files... yes checking for working const... yes checking for inline... inline checking for off_t... yes checking for size_t... yes checking for working alloca.h... yes checking for alloca... yes checking for unistd.h... yes checking for getpagesize... yes checking for working mmap... no checking whether we are using the GNU C Library 2.1 or newer... no checking for argz.h... yes checking for limits.h... yes checking for locale.h... yes checking for nl_types.h... no checking for malloc.h... yes checking for stddef.h... yes checking for stdlib.h... yes checking for string.h... yes checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes checking for sys/param.h... yes checking for feof_unlocked... no checking for fgets_unlocked... no checking for getcwd... yes checking for getegid... yes checking for geteuid... yes checking for getgid... yes checking for getuid... yes checking for mempcpy... no checking for munmap... yes checking for putenv... yes checking for setenv... yes checking for setlocale... yes checking for stpcpy... no checking for strchr... yes checking for strcasecmp... yes checking for strdup... yes checking for strtoul... yes checking for tsearch... no checking for __argz_count... no checking for __argz_stringify... no checking for __argz_next... no checking for iconv... yes checking for iconv declaration... extern size_t iconv (iconv_t cd, const char * *inbuf, size_t *inbytes ft, char * *outbuf, size_t *outbytesleft); checking for nl_langinfo and CODESET... no checking for LC_MESSAGES... yes checking whether NLS is requested... yes checking whether included gettext is requested... no checking for libintl.h... yes checking for GNU gettext in libc... no checking for GNU gettext in libintl... yes checking for dcgettext... yes checking for msgfmt... no checking for gmsgfmt... : checking for xgettext... no checking for bison... no checking for catalogs to be installed... da de en_GB es fi fr hu it ja nl no pt pt_BR ro ru sv checking for ngettext in -lc... no checking for ngettext in -lintl... yes checking whether libintl's ngettext works at runtime... yes checking for mingw32 environment... no checking for X... libraries /usr/X11R6/lib, headers /usr/X11R6/include checking for dnet_ntoa in -ldnet... no checking for dnet_ntoa in -ldnet_stub... no checking for gethostbyname... yes checking for connect... yes checking for remove... yes checking for shmat... no checking for shmat in -lipc... no checking for IceConnectionNumber in -lICE... yes checking whether Xfuncproto was supplied... no checking for compilable FUNCPROTO definition... no, cannot determine checking for workable NARROWPROTO definition... no, cannot determine checking whether Xfuncproto was determined... no checking for Xfuncproto control definition FUNCPROTO... no checking for Xfuncproto control definition NARROWPROTO... no checking extra paths for Xpm... library /lib/noX, include no checking for XOpenDisplay in X library -lX11... yes checking for XShapeCombineMask in X library -lXext... yes checking for main in X library -lXt... yes checking for main in X library -lXmu... yes checking for XpmReadFileToPixmap in X library -lXpm... yes checking for main in X library -lXaw... yes checking target system type... i686-pc-cygwin checking for esd-config... no checking for ESD - version >= 0.0.20... no *** The esd-config script installed by ESD could not be found *** If ESD was installed in PREFIX, make sure PREFIX/bin is in *** your path, or set the ESD_CONFIG environment variable to the *** full path to esd-config. checking for gethostbyname... (cached) yes checking for connect... (cached) yes checking for readline/readline.h... yes checking for completion_matches in -lreadline... yes checking for rl_completion_matches in -lreadline... yes checking whether readline works at runtime... _ yes checking for pow... yes checking for main in -lnls... no checking for zlib.h... yes checking for gzgets in -lz... yes checking for ANSI C header files... (cached) yes checking for fcntl.h... yes checking for sys/time.h... yes checking for sys/types.h... yes checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes checking for sys/utsname.h... yes checking for arpa/inet.h... yes checking for netdb.h... yes checking for netinet/in.h... yes checking for pwd.h... yes checking for sys/ioctl.h... yes checking for sys/select.h... yes checking for sys/signal.h... yes checking for sys/socket.h... yes checking for sys/termio.h... yes checking for sys/uio.h... yes checking for termios.h... yes checking for X11/xpm.h... no configure: error: need X11/xpm.h header; perhaps try/adjust --with-xpm-include Attempt #2 using --with-xpm-include="/usr/include" p-houk@PHILIP /cygdrive/c/freeciv-1.13.0 $ ./configure --with-xaw --with-xpm-lib="/lib/noX" --with-xpm-include="/usr/in lude" --x-includes="/usr/X11R6/include" --x-libraries="/usr/X11R6/lib" --disab e-esdtest --disable-sdl-mixer loading cache ./config.cache checking for a BSD compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking whether make sets ${MAKE}... yes checking for working aclocal... found checking for working autoconf... found checking for working automake... found checking for working autoheader... found checking for working makeinfo... found checking whether to enable maintainer-specific portions of Makefiles... no checking for gawk... gawk checking for gcc... gcc checking whether the C compiler (gcc ) works... yes checking whether the C compiler (gcc ) is a cross-compiler... no checking whether we are using GNU C... yes checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E checking whether ln -s works... yes checking for ranlib... ranlib checking for uname... uname checking host system type... i686-pc-cygwin checking for strerror in -lcposix... no checking for ANSI C header files... yes checking for working const... yes checking for inline... inline checking for off_t... yes checking for size_t... yes checking for working alloca.h... yes checking for alloca... yes checking for unistd.h... yes checking for getpagesize... yes checking for working mmap... no checking whether we are using the GNU C Library 2.1 or newer... no checking for argz.h... yes checking for limits.h... yes checking for locale.h... yes checking for nl_types.h... no checking for malloc.h... yes checking for stddef.h... yes checking for stdlib.h... yes checking for string.h... yes checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes checking for sys/param.h... yes checking for feof_unlocked... no checking for fgets_unlocked... no checking for getcwd... yes checking for getegid... yes checking for geteuid... yes checking for getgid... yes checking for getuid... yes checking for mempcpy... no checking for munmap... yes checking for putenv... yes checking for setenv... yes checking for setlocale... yes checking for stpcpy... no checking for strchr... yes checking for strcasecmp... yes checking for strdup... yes checking for strtoul... yes checking for tsearch... no checking for __argz_count... no checking for __argz_stringify... no checking for __argz_next... no checking for iconv... yes checking for iconv declaration... extern size_t iconv (iconv_t cd, const char * *inbuf, size_t *inbytes ft, char * *outbuf, size_t *outbytesleft); checking for nl_langinfo and CODESET... no checking for LC_MESSAGES... yes checking whether NLS is requested... yes checking whether included gettext is requested... no checking for libintl.h... yes checking for GNU gettext in libc... no checking for GNU gettext in libintl... yes checking for dcgettext... yes checking for msgfmt... no checking for gmsgfmt... : checking for xgettext... no checking for bison... no checking for catalogs to be installed... da de en_GB es fi fr hu it ja nl no pt pt_BR ro ru sv checking for ngettext in -lc... no checking for ngettext in -lintl... yes checking whether libintl's ngettext works at runtime... yes checking for mingw32 environment... no checking for X... libraries /usr/X11R6/lib, headers /usr/X11R6/include checking for dnet_ntoa in -ldnet... no checking for dnet_ntoa in -ldnet_stub... no checking for gethostbyname... yes checking for connect... yes checking for remove... yes checking for shmat... no checking for shmat in -lipc... no checking for IceConnectionNumber in -lICE... yes checking whether Xfuncproto was supplied... no checking for compilable FUNCPROTO definition... no, cannot determine checking for workable NARROWPROTO definition... no, cannot determine checking whether Xfuncproto was determined... no checking for Xfuncproto control definition FUNCPROTO... no checking for Xfuncproto control definition NARROWPROTO... no checking extra paths for Xpm... library /lib/noX, include /usr/include checking for XOpenDisplay in X library -lX11... yes checking for XShapeCombineMask in X library -lXext... yes checking for main in X library -lXt... yes checking for main in X library -lXmu... yes checking for XpmReadFileToPixmap in X library -lXpm... yes checking for main in X library -lXaw... yes checking target system type... i686-pc-cygwin checking for esd-config... no checking for ESD - version >= 0.0.20... no *** The esd-config script installed by ESD could not be found *** If ESD was installed in PREFIX, make sure PREFIX/bin is in *** your path, or set the ESD_CONFIG environment variable to the *** full path to esd-config. checking for gethostbyname... (cached) yes checking for connect... (cached) yes checking for readline/readline.h... yes checking for completion_matches in -lreadline... yes checking for rl_completion_matches in -lreadline... yes checking whether readline works at runtime... _ yes checking for pow... yes checking for main in -lnls... no checking for zlib.h... yes checking for gzgets in -lz... yes checking for ANSI C header files... (cached) yes checking for fcntl.h... yes checking for sys/time.h... yes checking for sys/types.h... yes checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes checking for sys/utsname.h... yes checking for arpa/inet.h... yes checking for netdb.h... yes checking for netinet/in.h... yes checking for pwd.h... yes checking for sys/ioctl.h... yes checking for sys/select.h... yes checking for sys/signal.h... yes checking for sys/socket.h... yes checking for sys/termio.h... yes checking for sys/uio.h... yes checking for termios.h... yes checking for X11/xpm.h... no configure: error: need X11/xpm.h header; perhaps try/adjust --with-xpm-include