; Civilization II the Test of Time
; Civilopedia Descriptions Text File
; Original Game Extension
; Copyright (c) 1999 MicroProse Software/Hasbro Interactive
;

@ADVANCE_DESCRIPTIONS
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Amphibious Warfare will be the 55'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below beginning with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no description, do not list or index.
;
@@ADVANCE_INDEX
0,			; Advanced Flight
1,			; Alphabet
54,			; Amphibious Warfare
2,			; Astronomy
3,			; Atomic Theory
4,			; Automobile
5,			; Banking
6,			; Bridge Building
7,			; Bronze Working
8,			; Ceremonial Burial
9,			; Chemistry
10,			; Chivalry
11,			; Code of Laws
55,			; Combined Arms
12,			; Combustion
13,			; Communism
14,			; Computers
15,			; Conscription
16,			; Construction
17,			; The Corporation
18,			; Currency
19,			; Democracy
56,			; Economics
20,			; Electricity
21,			; Electronics
22,			; Engineering
57,			; Environmentalism
58,			; Espionage
23,			; Explosives
24,			; Feudalism
25,			; Flight
59,			; Fundamentalism
26,			; Fusion Power
27,			; Genetic Engineering
60,			; Guerrilla Warfare
79,			; Gunpowder
80,			; Horseback Riding
81,			; Industrialization
82,			; Invention
83,			; Iron Working
28,			; Labor Union
61,			; The Laser
62,			; Leadership
29,			; Literacy
63,			; Machine Tools
30,			; Magnetism
31,			; Map Making
32,			; Masonry
33,			; Mass Production
34,			; Mathematics
35,			; Medicine
36,			; Metallurgy
64,			; Miniaturization
65,			; Mobile Warfare
37,			; Monarchy
66,			; Monotheism
38,			; Mysticism
39,			; Navigation
40,			; Nuclear Fission
41,			; Nuclear Power
42,			; Philosophy
43,			; Physics
44,			; Plastics
89,			; Ultrastring Theory
68,			; Polytheism
45,			; Pottery
69,			; Radio
46,			; Railroad
47,			; Recycling
48,			; Refining
70,			; Refrigeration
49,			; The Republic
50,			; Robotics
51,			; Rocketry
71,			; Sanitation
72,			; Seafaring
52,			; Space Flight
73,			; Stealth
53,			; Steam Engine
84,			; Steel
85,			; Superconductor
74,			; Tactics
75,			; Theology
86,			; Theory of Gravity
87,			; Trade
88,			; University
76,			; Warrior Code
77,			; The Wheel
78,			; Writing
67,			; Future Technology
90,			; Robotic Warfare
91,			; Quantum Transport
92,			; Telka Sumara
93,			; Teratogeny
94,			; Cybernetics
95			; Boht Comaree
96,			; Bioplasmas
97,			; Hyperentropics
98,			; Reality Engineering
99,			; Transcendence
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Armistice
On November 11, 1918 the Germans and the Entente powers signed the Armistice, ending the First World War. On Nov 5 revolution had broken out in Kiel and by Nov 9 had spread throughout Germany, leading to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II. On Nov 13, the Soviet government denounced the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and began to reoccupy the territories it had given up to the Germans.

@@Red Army
The Red Army grew out of the Red Guard, the armed detachments of workers and former soldiers which had fought the Revolutions' first battles. As it became obvious a long and bitterly contested Civil War was upon them, the Bolsheviks began the creation of a mass army based on conscription. The Commissar of War, Leon Trotsky, made use of "specialists", former Tsarist army officers who had agreed to serve the new government. To ensure their loyalty, political commissars were assigned who were required to countersign all orders issued by the commanding officer. The Red Army grew into a disciplined force of over 2 million men by the end of the Civil War. See "Trotsky" under CHEKA Dossiers (Game Concepts)


@@Spartacist Uprising 
The Spartacist Uprising was a premature attempt by the left wing of the German workers to take power from the Social Democratic Party (SPD) government of President Ebert. Led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, the Spartacist League (later the German Communist Party or KPD) was defeated by the Freikorps, new military formations organized by Gustav Noske, the SPD Minister of Defence. The Freikorps were created as part of a secret alliance between the SPD and the Army General Staff, designed to prevent a Bolshevik style revolution in Germany. Liebknecht and Luxemburg were captured by the Freikorps and murdered. See "Liebkneckt" and "Luxemburg" under CHEKA Dossiers (Game Concepts)


@@Volunteer Army
The Volunteer Army was established in the area south of Rostov by a group of Tsarist officers who had escaped from the Bolsheviks. General Kornilov, the first commander, was killed in an assualt on Ekaterinodar. He was replaced by Gen. Denikin who served until replaced by Baron Wrangel in April, 1920. The Volunteer Army was allied with the Don Cossacks under Gen Kaledin. It received arms from the Germans via the cossacks and after the Armistice received large quantities of arms, including tanks and aircraft, from the British and French. In January, 1919 it was incorporated into the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (AFSR). It's final stand was in the Crimea and in November of 1920, the last remants were evacuated by sea. 

@@Marxism
Marxism is a combination of philosophy, economic theory and political doctrines developed by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in the mid-late 19th century. Central to it's political theory is the concept of "class struggle", in which the working class or "proletariat" overthrows the power of the capitalist class or "bourgeoisie" and remakes society along egalitarian lines. All means of production (factories, mines, railways, banks, etc.) are to be owned by the state and operated in the interests of the working people. The state (army, police, bureaucracy, courts and prisons) will continue while internal and external threats exist, but will eventually "wither away", leaving a communal and self-administering society known as "Communism". See "Bolshevism".

@@German Offensive
The German and Austro-Hungarian armies remained on the defensive during the initial stages of the revolution. The Bolsheviks had come to power primarily by promising peace, "without annexations or indemnities". But the Germans wanted both and demanded large territorial concessions. Lenin urged acceptance of the German terms, arguing that the new Soviet republic was unable to resist effectively and need time to build up it's strength. During the negotiations at Brest-Litovsk, Trotsky refused the German terms and broke off negotiations. On Feb 18, 1918, the Central Powers began an offensive which quickly captured the entire Ukraine and Baltic areas. On March 3, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed which was even more onerous than the one Germany had initially demanded.

@@Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering developed alongside the new materials and technologies of the industrial revolution. As steel came into widespread use in the late 19the century, new techniques for it's use in building and bridge construction were developed. Engineering became a distinct area of professional expertise.

@@Mass Production
Mass Production was pioneered by Henry Ford in the construction of automobiles. By breaking down the construction of products into simple, repetative steps which were performed by workers on a moving conveyer, mass production techniques greatly increase productivity and profitability. Unfortunately, they also greatly increase worker frustration and militancy.

@@Christianity
Christianity was the dominant religion in most parts of Europe for a thousand years. In Russia before the Revolution, the Orthodox Church, based on the Byzantine Greek branch of Christianity, was the official state church.

@@Polish Uprising 
The Polish Uprising began with the defeat of Germany and her allies in WWI. Josef Pilsudski led a struggle against the defeated Germans, aided by the Polish Legion, Poles who had fought alongside the French on the Western Front. The Poles seized territories around Posen and Danzig which were considered by the Germans to be their own territory. Most of these gains were ratified by the Allies at the Versailles conference, contributing to German resentment over its terms.

@@Blockade
The naval blockade of the Central Powers was decisive in bringing about Entente victory in the First World War. It brought hunger and even starvation by the winter of 1917-18. It led to the German occupation of Ukraine in 1918, as the Germans and Austro-Hungarians sought to obtain raw materials and foodstuffs in order to continue the war on the Western Front.

@@Brest Treaty
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was forced on the Bolsheviks by a German offensive in February and March of 1918. The Bolsheviks had come to power largely on the basis of a promise of "peace without annexations or indemnities". When they opened negotiations, it turned out that the Germans demanded both. Trotsky ignored Lenin's instructions to sign a treaty on the German terms and assured the Soviet government that the Germans would not attack. Nine days later they did, and quickly occupied Ukraine, the Baltic states and other territories. The Bolsheviks, unable to resist as Lenin had predicted, were forced to sign the treaty on even worse terms than the Germans had first offered.

@@Czech Revolt
Before the Bolsheviks came to power, Czech and Slovak prisoners of war who had served in the Austro-Hungarian army were formed into military units to be transported via the Trans Siberian railway to Vladivostok and then by ship to France. While the Bolsheviks honoured this agreement, mutual suspicion and friction grew as the Czechs moved slowly eastward. After an incident at Chelyabinsk, Trotsky ordered the Czechs disarmed. However, the Czech legion, numbering 30,000 well trained troops, was the only significant miltary force in Eastern Russia and Siberia. They rebelled and quickly siezed towns along the Trans Siberian Railway from Penza to Vladivostok. Under their protection, members of the Constituent Assembly which had been dispersed by the Bolsheviks formed the "Komuch" government at Samara. The Czech Legion was placed under control of French officers and became a key part of the Entente intervention.

@@Bolshevism
Bolshevism was the version of Marxism as developed by Lenin for Russian conditions. He updated Marx's description of mid 19th century capitalism to include early 20th century imperialism. To Marx's concept of "Class Struggle", Lenin added a blueprint for a centralized political party to direct the revolution. He refused to compromise with those who wanted to merely reform capitalism and engineered a split in the Russian social democratic party into two factions; the Mensheviks (minority) who rejected Lenin's ideas and the Bolsheviks (majority) who followed Lenin. On November 7, 1917 the Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky, and took power. In March 1918, the Bolshevik Party was renamed the Communist Party.

@@Dictatorship
Following the Czech Revolt, several anti-Bolshevik governments were established in eastern Russia and Siberia. The Komuch government in Samara, consisting of left wing rivals of the Bolsheviks and the Directory in Omsk, which was much more right wing, were the two main competing governments. The inability of these governments to cooperate and their general lack of effectiveness frustrated the Entente and White officers who desired a united anti-Bolshevik front. The establishment of a military dictatorship was seen as the solution, and on November 18, 1918 a British engineered coup made Admiral Alexander Kolchak Siberia's "Supreme Ruler". His rule was marked by widespread brutality and corruption. Anger at Kolchaks' dictatorship led the Czechs to withdraw from active military operations. See "Kolchak" under CHEKA Dossiers (Game Concepts)

@@Black Sea Squadron
Under the terms of the armistice the Ottoman Empire was required to allow the British and French fleets passage through the Bosphorus into the Black Sea. This allowed the Entente to supply the South Russian White forces with weapons and ammunition, including aircraft and tanks. It also allowed the landing of 80,000 French, Greek and other national forces at Odessa and other Black Sea ports. These troops soon succumbed to Bolshevik propaganda and refused to fight. The French fleet mutinied and the troops were hastily re-embarked.

@@Construction

@@Corporation
The Joint Stock Corporation is type of enterprise able to raise large amounts of operating capital by selling shares of the business to investors. Corporations also have legal advantages such as the right to sue, and the limitation of liability for the corporation's debt to the amount originally invested by the owners. Shares or "stock" in publicly traded corporations is bought and sold at Stock Exchanges located in major cities in capitalist countries. 

@@Kulak Rising
The Kulaks were the richest peasants, defined by the Bolsheviks as those who hired labour to work their land or rented out land to tenant farmers. They were particularly resistant to Bolshevik attempts to requistion grain and frequently organized sabotage and armed revolts. The Kulaks were eventually "liquidated as a class" by Stalins' collectivization drive in the early 1930's.

@@The Democracy

@@Wrangels' Advance
Wrangels' advance from the Crimea in June, 1920 took advantage of the Polish attack on Soviet Russia. By this time the Entente considered the White cause "completely and utterly lost" and provided only limited supplies to Wrangel's army. Despite this the South Russian Army under Wrangel's leadership had considerable success and captured much territory in Ukraine and the Kuban. The weight of the Soviet armies was too great however, and in November of 1920, the Red Army stormed  the last White stronghold of the Crimea. Over 100,000 White officials, nobles, officers, soldiers and their families were sucessfully evacuated by sea. See "Wrangel" under CHEKA Dossiers (Game Concepts)


@@Soviet Power
Soviets were workers councils, seen by Lenin as a form of proletarian democracy as opposed to parliamentary democracy which he viewed as "bourgois". Soviets were established for workers, peasants and soldiers, excluding professionals and capitalists. Lenins' slogan "All power to the Soviets" set the Bolsheviks apart from the other socialist parties who maintained their support for the Constituent Assembly. During the October Revolution the Bolsheviks demanded new elections for local Soviets throughout Russia and obtained majorities in most of them. The All-Russian Congress of Soviets became the equivalent of the Soviet parliament.

@@Kolchaks Advance


@@Explosives

@@Feudalism

@@Flight
Kronstadt Revolt

@@Fusion Power

@@Genetic Engineering
Pilsudski's Advance

@@Labor Union
Munich Soviet

@@Literacy
Red Army of the Ruhr.

@@Magnetism
Versailles Treaty

@@Map Making
Cartography

@@Masonry
Intellegence

@@Mass Production
War Communism

@@Mathematics
Artillery

@@Medicine
Weimar Republic

@@Metallurgy
Hungry Winter

@@The Monarchy
Constitution

@@Mysticism
Theology

@@Navigation

@@Nuclear Fission

@@Nuclear Power

@@Philosophy
Imperialism

@@Physics

@@Plastics

@@Pottery
Konarmya

@@Railway
Railways played a unique role in the Russian Civil War. In a vast country with few good roads, the railway was the only means of transportation. In Siberia, the Trans Siberian Railway stretched thousands of kilometers from Moscow to the Pacific port of Vladivostok. Military operations tended to follow rail lines. Cities and towns along the tracks were often repeatedly devastated, while others just a few kilometers off the track were untouched. Because of the unusual role of railways in the Russian Civil War a specialized weapon, the armoured train, was developed. These were virtual land battleships, heavily armoured, mounting artillery and machine guns and carrying troops.
 
@@Recycling

@@Refining

@@The Republic

@@Robotics

@@Rocketry

@@Space Flight

@@Steam Engine


@@Amphibious Warfare

@@Combined Arms
Anarchism

@@Economics
Denikins Advance

@@Environmentalism

@@Espionage
The CHEKA

@@Fundamentalism
Gunbatsu

@@Guerrilla Warfare

@@The Laser
Kapp Putsch

@@Leadership
General Strike

@@Machine Tools
Reichswehr

@@Miniaturization

@@Mobile Warfare
Modern Warfare

@@Monotheism
Holy Church

@@Future Technology
Social Development

@@Polytheism

@@Radio

@@Refrigeration
Collectivization

@@Sanitation

@@Seafaring

@@Stealth

@@Tactics


@@Theology
Orthodoxy

@@Warrior Code
Military Code

@@Wheel
Capitalism

@@Writing
Diplomacy

@@Gunpowder

@@Horseback Riding
Cavalry Tactics

@@Industrialization
God and Tsar

@@Invention
Parlamentarism

@@Iron Working
NEP

@@Steel

@@Superconductor

@@Theory of Gravity

@@Trade
Trade.

@@The University

@@Ultrastring Theory

@@Robotic Warfare

@@Quantum Transport

@@Telka Sumara

@@Teratogeny

@@Cybernetics

@@Boht Comaree

@@Bioplasmas

@@Hyperentropics

@@Reality Engineering

@@Transcendence

@IMPROVEMENT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
@@IMPROVEMENT_INDEX
-1,			; Nothing
15,			; Palace
2,			; Barracks
8,			; Granary
22,			; Temple
12,			; MarketPlace
10,			; Library
6,			; Courthouse
4,			; City Walls
0,			; Aqueduct
1,			; Bank
3,			; Cathedral
23,			; University
13,			; Mass Transit
5,			; Colosseum
7,			; Factory
11,			; Manufacturing Plant
18,			; SDI Defense
17,			; Recycling Center
16,			; Power Plant
9,			; Hydro Plant
14,			; Nuclear Plant
34,			; Stock Exchange
32,			; Sewer System
35,			; Supermarket
36,			; Superhighways
30,			; Research Lab
31,			; SAM Missile Battery
26,			; Coastal Fortress
33,			; Solar Plant
37,			; Harbor
27,			; Offshore Platform
24,			; Airport
28,			; Police Station
29,			; Port Facility
38			; Starport
21,			; SS Structural
19,			; SS Component
20,			; SS Module
25,			; (Capitalization)
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Sewer System
One of the byproducts of large urban centers is a vast amount of human waste. As the city continues to grow, steps need to be taken to move the sewage away from inhabited areas and "treat" it so that it does not become a health hazard to humans or harm the local ecosystem. Sewer systems carry wastewater to treatment plants where the raw sewage is broken down through filtration and chemical processes to remove solids and harmful bacteria. The treated byproduct is then released into rivers and other waterways, where it is eventually washed safely into the ocean.

@@Bank
A highly developed banking system is one of the cornerstones of an advanced civilization. Banks lend money to individuals or groups, providing capital for industrial and real estate development. Banks also contribute to the economic growth of a city or region by stimulating the development of production facilities. Individual citizens can also benefit by investing their own surplus money in the bank and  earning interest on it.

@@Armoury
Warfare has been a recurring phenomenon throughout the history of mankind, and it continues to plague the world today. Although war is not a desirable situation, it is important that even the most peaceful of societies be prepared for the possibility of war. When warring nations are closely matched in technology and manpower, battles are usually won by the army with the best training. Military schools and academies exist all over the world, established for the purpose of training military personnel in the latest methods, tactics, and technology. Men and women who graduate from such facilities possess higher than average command and military and technological skills, making them more effective in combat situations.

@@Cathedral
Throughout the Dark Ages that followed the fall of the Roman Empire, the Christian Church was a major influence in the revival of European civilization. In recognition of the expanding influence of the church, great cathedrals were built in the largest towns and cities, to act as centers of religious study and worship. In addition to their religious significance, cathedrals acted as the center of social and cultural activity in the town. They brought great pride, stability, and tradition to the citizens of the community.

@@City Walls
Before the establishment of centralized governments capable of supporting strong, national armies, individual cities were left to fend for themselves when it came to defense. As a result, many cities constructed city walls to protect against raiders and bandits. City walls represented a major investment in both time and materials, requiring years to complete and constant repairs to maintain their strength and integrity. However, these walls turned the city into a fortress capable of withstanding all but the most determined attack.

@@Opera House

@@Courthouse
As kingdoms and empires expanded, it became increasingly difficult for the rulers to maintain control over the more distant regions of their realm. To ensure that the far-flung cities of the empire contributed their expected share of duties and taxes to the government, local magistrates and courts were established. In the courthouse, the ruler's representatives listened to the grievances of the people and defined and enforced the laws that governed social interaction. This reduced crime, and thereby kept the local population productive.

@@Factory
Early examples of factory-like production, where a number of individuals work cooperatively to produce goods for sale or trade, can be found as far back as ancient Greece and Rome. Modern factories, however, evolved from the concept of specialized labor, where each worker performed a single step in the overall production of an item. This specialization allows factories to increase the speed and efficiency of the manufacturing process, far surpassing earlier means of production. The development of the factory system as a means of production played a key role in the Industrial Revolution.

@@Granary
Early humans were nomadic, settling in specific regions only for brief periods of time. When the food supply was exhausted in one area, the nomads would move on to search for more. Cities became possible only when the development of agriculture made the supply of food more abundant and dependable. However, cities still needed a way to keep the food supply stable throughout all four seasons. To do so, the citizens had to come up with a way to store seasonal crops for later use. The Granary was designed for the storage and protection of surplus food. Food storage technology meant that a smaller percentage of the population could produce and store enough food for everyone, allowing the remainder to pursue other jobs and activities.

@@Hydro Plant
One alternative to power generation utilizing coal or petroleum fuels is the hydroelectric power plant. This facility utilizes the energy of rapidly moving water to turn the turbines of its generators and produce electricity. In locations where a source of moving water is available, hydro plants offer a clean, safe alternative to coal, petroleum, and nuclear power generation. However, hydro plants have their own set of environmental dangers. The disruption of a river's normal flow and the massive flooding of the land behind the facility's dam can destroy the habitat of the wildlife inhabiting the river basin.

@@Library
The development of writing meant that the accumulated knowledge of a society could be written down and stored rather than memorized and passed along by word of mouth. The accumulated written material was stored in a library. The libraries of the ancient world, especially those at Alexandria and Pergamum, became leading centers of science and scholarship. The librarians actively collected the books of the world, accelerating the spread of knowledge.

@@Manufacturing Plant
Manufacturing plants are large industrial complexes that produce goods of all types, although they are generally used to produce durable consumer goods such as automobiles. Essentially, a manufacturing plant is a large, sophisticated factory that employs specialization of labor, complex machinery, and assembly lines to gain efficiency and economies of scale. This combination of manpower and automation increases productivity and reduces production costs.

@@Marketplace
As cities grew and prospered, trade between the farmers, artisans, and craftsmen who lived in the vicinity contributed to the economic health of the city. It soon became apparent that the best way for conducting trade within the city was to have a central location, or marketplace, where the people offering goods and services, or seeking them, could meet and conduct business. As a city's marketplace grew larger and more active, the economic vitality of the city grew as well.

@@Mass Transit
Within a few decades of the invention of the automobile, the horse-drawn carriage disappeared from city streets. Along with all the advantages offered by the automobile, this new means of transportation quickly became a significant source of air pollution. As larger cities became more crowded, the number of cars increased, making travel difficult and adding to the pollution problem as automobile traffic clogged the streets. The development of mass transit systems, including busses, trolleys, subways, and light rail, led to a reduction in traffic and, as a result, a reduction in air pollution.

@@Nuclear Power Plant
Nuclear power plants utilize radioactive materials and the process of nuclear fission to generate the heat and steam needed to run electrical generators and produce electricity. Because nuclear power doesn't cause the air pollution associated with the burning of coal or petroleum products, this means of generating power is considered a viable alternative energy source. However, the toxic nature of the byproducts produced by the fission process creates serious problems of its own. No method of safely disposing of this toxic waste has been found, and the volatile nature of the fission reaction can lead to a meltdown of the reactor core if the reaction is not properly controlled. Because of these problems, the future of nuclear power is uncertain.
 
@@Palace
When populations began to organize their communities into cities, their governments became more structured and formalized. At an early stage, the ruler of the city established headquarters from which the business of running the city was conducted. In many cases, these buildings also served as the living quarters of the ruler. In wealthy cities, these facilities often expanded into immense, sprawling palaces. These richly adorned, imposing buildings were a source of civic pride, and helped to reinforce the aura of power surrounding the ruler.

@@Power Plant
Power plants burn coal and other fossil fuels to produce the heat and steam necessary to run generators that produce electrical power. When electricity became widely and cheaply available, it meant that industries could convert from steam to electrical power to run their machinery. One central power plant could supply the electrical needs of a relatively large geographic area. However, increasing demands for electricity, by both consumer and commercial customers, led to a rise in the number of power plants. This, in turn, led to problems with air pollution. As more plants went on line, more fossil fuels were burned to generate power. Because modern society depends so heavily on electricity, researchers are constantly searching for alternate forms of energy to satisfy ever-increasing demands.

@@Recycling Center
The continual growth in city populations leads to an inevitable increase in garbage. Eventually, existing landfills and garbage dumps are  filled, forcing new dumping sites to be established. This leads to the gradual but steady destruction of the local environment. To reverse this problem, many areas have established recycling centers, where much of the garbage is sorted and reduced to reusable components through various means. These components are then used to manufacture new products. In this way, much of the trash produced is turned into raw materials for production, rather than contributing to the ever-increasing pollution problem.

@@SDI Defense
Historically, research in the area of warfare has seen the development of powerful new weapons closely followed by the development of defenses to counteract the weapons' destructive power. The development of nuclear weapons seemed to be the exception to this rule: for the first time, mankind had created a weapon to which there was apparently no effective defense. SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative), however, could be the answer to this problem. Using laser-equipped orbital satellites or ground-launched ABMs (Anti-Ballistic Missiles) to intercept and destroy enemy nuclear missiles in mid-air, the SDI Defense offers the first hope of negating the threat posed by nuclear missiles.

@@Spaceship Component
Spaceship components provide the motive power of a spaceship. There are two types: propulsion and fuel. Propulsion components are the spaceship engines, and each fuel component provides enough fuel to run one engine. Every propulsion component requires a fuel component in order to function. At minimum, a spaceship requires one of each type of component. The more engines the spaceship possesses, the faster it  will arrive at its destination.

@@Spaceship Module
Modules are the central components of a spaceship. There are three types: habitation, life support, and solar panels. Each habitation module provides living space for 10,000 colonists. Each life support module provides enough food, water, and other basic requirements to support the colonists in one habitation module. Both habitation and life support modules require power in order to operate, and each solar panel module provides enough energy to run two other modules. At minimum, every spaceship requires one of each type of module in order to be successful in its mission.

@@Spaceship Structural
The structural parts of a spaceship are the frame to which all other parts of the spaceship are attached. All spaceship components and modules must be connected to a structural section in order to function. Components and modules not connected to the frame are outlined in red on the spaceship display. 

@@Church

@@University
Universities are institutions of higher learning. Early universities, established in the Middle Ages, were usually built in cities that had a large or important cathedral. Studies at these institutions focused on matters concerning the church. The curricula quickly expanded to include classical art, literature, and languages. Modern universities provide the opportunity to study a wide array of subjects. They have also become centers for research into many fields, serving as the source of major advances in computers, medicine, physics, and a variety of other subjects.

@@Airport
Since the middle of the 20th century, the airplane has been one of the chief means of long-distance transport in the world. Nearly every major metropolitan area today has at least one airport, with facilities to handle passengers and ticketing, as well as facilities for refueling and repairing the aircraft that land there. Beginning in the 1940's, the growing role of airplanes as combat vehicles led to the widespread construction of military air bases. Nearly 400 of these facilities in the U.S. alone act as bases and maintenance facilities for aircraft assigned to all branches of the military.

@@Capitalization
In the business world, companies often need large amounts of cash in order to meet expenses, update facilities, or expand their operations. When there are insufficient funds available to fulfill these needs, these corporations often resort to capitalization in order to raise money. This process involves the sale of a portion of the company's liquid assets. Liquid assets are assets that can be easily converted into cash. These can include surplus raw materials and finished goods, as well as stocks and bonds. The sale of these assets provides the infusion of money needed to meet the company's current needs.

@@Coastal Fortress
The construction of defensive structures such as city walls and fortified castles dates back to ancient times. City walls were designed primarily to repel an attack launched by ground-based forces, and they performed adequately in such a situation. However, coastal cities were also vulnerable to attack from sea bombardments, since even a city wall left sea ports relatively unprotected. The best way to protect the port was to keep the enemy out of range of the city. This was accomplished by constructing fortresses to cover the approach to the city. These coastal fortresses, built at the mouth of the city's harbor or on barrier islands, would hold enemy vessels at bay, turning away or thinning out the attacking force and minimizing damage to the city's port.

@@Offshore Platform
Mankind's dependence on wood and coal as a main source of fuel ended when the first commercial oil well went into production in Pennsylvania in 1859. Crude oil could be refined into many different byproducts, and soon replaced wood and coal in many parts of the world. The growing dependence on oil caused the petroleum industry to grow rapidly and wells were drilled all over the world. Most wells were initially drilled on land, but after World War II it was found that many of the largest oil deposits could be found below the sea floor. Shallow water drilling from platforms supported by pylons resting on the seabed proved very successful. Today, large floating platforms can drill for oil at water depths of more than 3300 feet.

@@Police Stations
The concept of a police force operating independently of the military goes back to the Praetorian Guard of ancient Rome. In the Middle Ages, noblemen protected their estates by appointing constables to enforce the law and to arrest and guard criminals, but the first modern, organized police force was the London Metropolitan Police. Established in 1829, this organization became the model for law enforcement organizations in the United States and many other industrialized nations around the world. The presence of a police force serves to uphold the laws of society, and to control civil unrest. A strong, visible police force strengthens confidence of the community by keeping the citizens safe.

@@Port Facilities
Seagoing vessels have been used for both commercial transport and military purposes for thousands of years. Cities built on rivers and on the coasts of seas and oceans built facilities to receive cargo and to house military vessels stationed in the area. Many of the larger cities built large port facilities that included shipyards for the construction of new vessels, large warehouse and docking facilities, and dry-docks for the repair of damaged vessels. Heavily damaged ships can be repaired much more quickly when such facilities are available.

@@Research Lab
Historically, libraries and universities have acted as the primary centers of research for new ideas and technologies. The growth of private industry in the modern age has also given birth to hundreds of privately-owned research facilities. These private laboratories, usually dedicated to research in a single field related to their founding company, have made tremendous advances in many fields including physics, biology, chemistry, and medicine. The growth of privately-funded  research has vastly increased the speed at which mankind achieves new advances in science and technology.

@@SAM Missile Battery
The use of airplanes in warfare began in earnest during World War I. By the end of World War II, the use of fighter aircraft and bombers was commonplace and the importance of air warfare continued to grow, as did the importance of effective anti-aircraft defenses. During the 1950's, the refinement of rocket technology allowed for the construction of compact missiles which were used to deliver explosive warheads to their targets swiftly and accurately. Batteries of surface-to-air missiles, or SAMs, were built to protect cities and ground installations against airborne attacks. The long range and high accuracy of SAM batteries provided a much more effective defense than the anti-aircraft guns of World War II.

@@Electrical System


@@Solar Power Plant
One of the greatest natural sources of energy available on Earth is the sun. Solar energy can be converted directly into electrical power without the need for mechanical generators through the use of photoelectric cells. Alternatively, large solar collectors known as heliostats can be used to focus solar energy into a water boiler, generating steam to run conventional electrical turbines. Unfortunately, at our current level of technology, both of these systems are prohibitively expensive to construct. However, because of  the dwindling supply of fossil fuels and increasing concern over the pollution produced by conventional and nuclear power plants, scientists are constantly working on a viable way to harness the clean and endless supply of energy provided by our sun.

@@Stock Exchange
In a free market economy, corporations often raise operating and development capital by selling "shares" in the corporation to private investors. These shares, which allow investors to share in the company's profits, were originally sold by brokers and privately hired auctioneers. Early European stock exchanges, such as the Paris Bourse, allowed anyone to buy and sell stock. However, it was quickly discovered that a formalized system was necessary in order to enforce transactions. Thereafter, membership in the exchange was required in order to buy and sell. The first formal stock exchange in the U.S. was established in 1791 in Philadelphia, and the New York Stock Exchange was established a year later. Today, stock exchanges are located in many major cities and commercial centers around the world. Private investment in corporations is vital to capitalistic economies, allowing corporations to grow more quickly than would otherwise be possible. The profits and new jobs created as a result improve the economy as a whole.

@@Collective Farm

@@Superhighway
Early in his career, President Eisenhower traveled by road, from coast to coast, across the United States. This trip, which took nearly a month because of the poor system of roads, convinced him that it was necessary to make all areas of the country easily accessible. Not only were these improvements important to the growing number of people traveling by automobile, they could prove invaluable for the movement of troops and military equipment should the need arise. In 1956, Eisenhower established a federal-aid program known as the Highway Trust Fund to accelerate the construction of a network of interstate roads. By 1991, the Interstate Highway System in the U.S. consisted of over 42,000 miles of highways. Unlike local roadways, superhighways were designed to bypass large population centers, and were accessible in limited locations at planned entrance and exit interchanges. These highly efficient roadways allow motorists today to travel from one end of the country to the other without having to slow down for intersections and traffic signals.

@@Harbor
Just because a city is built in a coastal region doesn't guarantee that the city is readily accessible by ship. In order for a port city to establish a steady trade, fishing, or other shipping industry, the city must have a harbor. A harbor is a protected body of water that opens into an ocean or lake that shelters ships from waves and high winds. Although some coastal cities are established in areas where a natural harbor exists, most seaports are forced either to improve the existing natural harbor, or to build a man-made harbor to shelter ships and provide channels deep enough to accommodate large vessels.

@@Starport
Advances in our understanding of the most basic and essential structures of the universe have finally led to the realization of one of mankind's oldest dreams. The Starport system takes advantage of the cosmic ultrastring matrix to provide nearly instantaneous travel between two points, even if those points are on different planets. With a network of these structures in place, it is no longer necessary for intrepid explorers to sacrifice years of their lives to reach or return from the Centauran colony.

@WONDER_DESCRIPTIONS
;
@@WONDER_INDEX
21,			; Pyramids
9,			; Hanging Gardens
2,			; Colossus
15,			; Lighthouse
7,			; Great Library
20,			; Oracle
8,			; Great Wall
25,			; Sun Tzu's War Academy
13,			; King Richard's Crusade
18,			; Marco Polo's Embassy
19,			; Michelangelo's Chapel
3,			; Copernicus' Observatory
16,			; Magellan's Expedition
23,			; Shakespeare's Theatre
14,			; Leonardo's Workshop
12,			; J. S. Bach's Cathedral
11,			; Isaac Newton's College
0,			; Adam Smith's Trading Co.
5,			; Darwin's Voyage
24,			; Statue of Liberty
6,			; Eiffel Tower
27,			; Women's Suffrage
10,			; Hoover Dam
17,			; Manhattan Project
26,			; United Nations
1,			; Apollo Program
22,			; SETI Program
4,			; Cure for Cancer
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Adam Smith's Trading Co.
Adam Smith is generally regarded as the father of modern economics. In his book "The Wealth of Nations", he analyzed the economic processes of supply and demand, and discussed how free trade and individual ambition would lead to both economic and social growth. Smith favored a political environment where the government would only become involved in business and trade to preserve justice and order. Smith's ideas of economics and the lack of government involvement form the basis of modern economic liberalism.

@@Apollo Program
The Apollo Program was begun by the United States in the late 1960s. Following the success of the manned orbital missions of the Mercury and Gemini programs, the destination of the Apollo program was the moon. The early Apollo flights concentrated on orbital observations of the moon, and testing the docking systems of the Apollo craft. The ultimate goal of the Apollo Program was accomplished by Apollo 11 on July 20, 1969, when Neil Armstrong became the first human to walk on the moon. Several other landings followed, the last being Apollo 17 in December, 1972. The Apollo program truly represented a "giant leap for mankind". The U.S. manned lunar missions are unparalleled feats in space exploration, and the technology originally developed for the Apollo Program was later found to be invaluable in designing future space vehicles and orbital platforms.

@@TransSiberian Railway

@@Copernicus' Observatory
Ancient astronomers originally put forth the theory that the Sun was the center of our solar system, and that the planets revolved around it. This knowledge was lost during the Dark Ages, but was re-introduced in the early 16th Century by Nicholas Copernicus. Copernicus' research and theories form the foundation for modern astronomy. Copernicus collected his data from his observatory, a small room in the spire of an East Prussian cathedral. His research methods and observations also marked the rebirth of the scientific method, and were an important step in the advance of knowledge.

@@Cure for Cancer
Despite the huge outlays of cash for research and study, cancer still looms as a terrifying and deadly plague on the human race. Although scientists and doctors have discovered many different forms of cancer, and have identified some of the factors that can trigger the disease, a true cure still eludes modern medical science. A cure for cancer would put an end to the source of much suffering and anguish, and allow millions of people, who would otherwise be doomed, to lead happy and productive lives.

@@Darwin's Voyage
Charles Darwin, the main proponent of the theory of evolution based on natural selection, built up much of his evidence for this theory during a five-year voyage around the world. His voyage aboard the H.M.S. Beagle was instrumental not only in the establishment of his theory, but also in the application of the scientific method to the study of nature. Darwin published his theory of evolution in his book "The Origin of the Species". His studies were so thorough that the scientific world never challenged his findings. However, his findings were, and continue to be, challenged on philosophical and religious grounds. Darwin's research opened many new lines of inquiry, and inspired a wave of new biological research.

@@Comintern

@@Stephansdom

@@Great Wall
The Great Wall of China, a huge stone structure stretching from the Yellow Sea to the Asian deserts, was built over a period of approximately 1,800 years. The wall is 25 feet high and 12 feet thick, and runs nearly 1,500 miles across northern China. The purpose of the Great Wall was to make it difficult for raiders to escape with their booty, and thereby discourage invasion. Despite its overwhelming size, the wall was not intended to keep invaders out, since manning such a defensive structure would have been prohibitively expensive.

@@Red Terror

@@Hoover Dam
For centuries, mankind has been harnessing the power of rivers to move waterwheels for various purposes. With the advent of electrical power, it was found the rivers were also very useful for generating electricity. Hydroelectric power plants derive power from rivers by constructing dams to ensure a dependable supply of water. The overflow is then released through special chambers where the moving water turns giant turbines, generating electricity. When planned and engineered properly, this system provides an excellent power source with very limited environmental impact. The Hoover Dam, constructed on the Colorado River near Las Vegas, was one of the earliest hydroelectric power plants.

@@Politburo

@@J.S. Bach's Cathedral
Few composers were more prolific or beloved than Johann Sebastian Bach. Bach, the most well-known member of a gifted family of German musicians, was perhaps the finest composer of the baroque style of music. In his time, he wrote numerous choral and orchestral pieces. During his lifetime, he was renowned as an organist and music director of St. Thomas' Church in Leipzig, and many of his compositions were religious in nature. After his death, Bach's music gained worldwide appreciation.

@@Kruppwerk

@@S.D.P.

@@Admiralty

@@Royal Navy

@@Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was the code name for an intensive and costly research effort during World War II that resulted in the development of atomic weapons. The first two such weapons, the bombs dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in 1945, brought an end to the second World War. For a short time, the United States held a monopoly on atomic weapons. However, by 1949 the Soviet Union had also developed similar technology, based in part on Manhattan Project information obtained through espionage. The nuclear standoff that has resulted from this balance of power may be largely responsible for the absence of major wars since World War II.

@@Great Mosque

@@Michelangelo's Chapel
The beauty of Rome's Sistine Chapel has long served as a testament to the mixture of strong religious beliefs and the love of art shared by the people of Renaissance Europe. Michelangelo devoted four years to painting the mural that adorns the ceiling, a work depicting events in the book of Genesis and other Biblical stories. Few visitors to the Sistine Chapel have failed to be moved by the artist's dedication to his subject, or his feeling for the nature of human struggle, suffering, and spiritual triumph.

@@Oracle
In ancient Greek religion, an oracle was a priest or priestess through whom the gods spoke in response to questions. The oracle interpreted dreams, the actions of entranced persons, and physical signs found in the entrails of sacrificed animals. The most famous oracle resided in the shrine of Apollo at Delphi, located on the slopes of Mount Parnassus. This oracle was consulted for centuries by Greeks, Romans, and others about public policy and private matters. A priestess called the Pythia would, for a fee, make public predictions for the future. These ecstatic pronouncements became infamous for their ambiguity.

@@GrainCom

@@SETI Program
The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) was officially initiated by the United States in the latter half of the 20th Century. The purpose of the program was to find some sort of conclusive evidence that intelligent life existed beyond the confines of our planet. Employing banks of radio-telescopes and other detection equipment, SETI scans the skies hoping to find proof of extraterrestrial life in the form of radio transmissions and other activity. Although the program has yet to find such proof, the effort has produced many useful benefits to astronomy, telecommunications, and other high-tech fields.

@@Arc d'Triomph

@@Brandenburg Gate

@@General Staff

@@United Nations
Established following World War II, the United Nations is an international organization dedicated to promoting world peace and security. The U.N. also attempts to achieve international cooperation in solving world problems concerning the environment, economics, and cultural issues. Although its peace keeping role is not always entirely successful, it has remained an effective forum for debate where all nations can voice their concerns on matters of worldwide importance.

@@Conscription

@UNIT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
@@UNIT_INDEX
49,			; Settlers
21,			; Engineers
43,			; Warriors
46,			; Phalanx
2,			; Archers
33,			; Legion
47,			; Pikemen
36,			; Musketeers
23,			; Fanatics
45,			; Partisans
1,			; Alpine Troops
48,			; Riflemen
34,			; Marines
44,			; Paratroopers
35,			; Mech. Inf.
29,			; Horsemen
13,			; Chariot
20,			; Elephant
14,			; Crusaders
32,			; Knights
19,			; Dragoons
12,			; Cavalry
3,			; Armor
11,			; Catapult
7,			; Cannon
4,			; Artillery
30,			; Howitzer
24,			; Fighter
6,			; Bomber
28,			; Helicopter
39,			; Stlth Ftr.
38,			; Stlth Bmbr.
42,			; Trireme
9,			; Caravel
27,			; Galleon
26,			; Frigate
31,			; Ironclad
17,			; Destroyer
16,			; Cruiser
0,			; AEGIS Cruiser
5,			; Battleship
40,			; Submarine
10,			; Carrier
41,			; Transport
15,			; Cruise Msl.
37,			; Nuclear Msl.
18,			; Diplomat
50,			; Spy
8,			; Caravan
25,			; Freight
22,			; Explorer
51,			; Chon-ee
52,			; Colonist
53,			; Mupbu
54,			; RA-MARU
55,			; Sulka
56,			; War Dog
57,			; Kestrel
58,			; Benthon
59,			; Liwyathan
60,			; Spithre
61,			; Drakon
62,			; Teleporter
63,			; Cyborg
64,			; Plasman
65,			; Entrix
66,			; Magog
67,			; Xaos Missile
68,			; Dreadnought
69,			; Eightball
-1			; No Unit
-1			; No Unit
-1			; No Unit
70,			; Hoy Groot
71,			; Pronat
72,			; Ongshawk
73,			; Honata
74,			; Jiraki
75,			; Denshuk
76,			; Wuk Turr
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@AEGIS Cruiser

@@Alpine Troops

@@Archers

@@Armor

@@Artillery

@@Battleship

@@Bomber

@@Cannon

@@Caravan

@@Caravel

@@Carrier

@@Catapult

@@Cavalry

@@Chariot

@@Crusaders

@@Cruise Missile

@@Cruiser

@@Destroyer

@@Diplomat

@@Dragoons

@@Elephant

@@Engineers

@@Explorer

@@Fanatics

@@Fighter

@@Freight

@@Frigate

@@Galleon

@@Helicopter

@@Horsemen

@@Howitzer

@@Ironclad

@@Knights

@@Legion

@@Marines

@@Mechanized Infantry

@@Musketeers

@@Nuclear Missile

@@Stealth Bomber

@@Stealth Fighter

@@Submarine

@@Transport

@@Trireme

@@Warriors

@@Paratroopers

@@Partisans

@@Phalanx

@@Pikemen

@@Riflemen

@@Settlers

@@Spy

@@Chon-ee

@@Colonist

@@Mupbu

@@RA-MARU

@@Sulka

@@War Dog

@@Kestrel

@@Benthon

@@Liwyathan

@@Spithre

@@Drakon

@@Teleporter

@@Cyborg

@@Plasman

@@Entrix

@@Magog

@@Xaos Missile

@@Dreadnought

@@Eightball

@@Hoy Groot

@@Pronat

@@Ongshawk

@@Honata

@@Jiraki

@@Denshuk

@@Wuk Turr

@TERRAIN_AND_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTIONS
;
@@TERRAIN_INDEX
0,			; Desert
8,			; Plains
3,			; Grassland
1,			; Forest
4,			; Hills
6,			; Mountains
11,			; Tundra
2,			; Glacier
10,			; Swamp
5,			; Jungle
7,			; Ocean
23,			; Oasis
12,			; Buffalo
3,			; Grassland (Shield)
17,			; Pheasant
13,			; Coal
20,			; Gold
18,			; Game (Musk Ox)
22,			; Ivory
25,			; Peat
19,			; Gems
14,			; Fish
24,			; Desert Oil
29,			; Wheat
-1,			; Grassland (Shield)
26,			; Silk
30,			; Wine
21,			; Iron
16,			; Furs
24,			; Glacier Oil
27,			; Spice
15,			; Fruit
28,			; Whales
38,			; Wasteland
37,			; Scrubland
33,			; Grasses
39,			; Woodlands
32,			; Eternal Fog
6,			; Mountains #2
11,			; Tundra #2
31,			; Arctic
35,			; No-man's Land
36,			; Red Sands
34,			; Misty Sea
40,			; Fossils
41,			; Ruins
42,			; Chatapi
43,			; Shoat Lizards
44,			; Sandstorm
45,			; Dead City
46,			; Flame Stone
47,			; Artifacts
48,			; Lava Pit
49,			; Anomaly
50,			; Seabees
51,			; Monolith
52,			; Regiment Ivy
-1,			; Chatapi 2
53,			; Methane
54,			; Fulminium
55,			; Transmetals
56,			; Menhirs
57,			; Pebble Wash
58,			; War Machine
59,			; Bioplasm
60,			; Sargasso
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

;Terrain Types
@@Desert
Deserts are arid stretches of land characterized by an annual rainfall of less than ten inches. Adding to the dry environment is the fact that, because the desert atmosphere has such low humidity, evaporation of moisture from the ground exceeds precipitation. Many deserts are characterized by extremely high daytime temperatures and equally low night time temperatures. Only the hardiest plants and animals can survive in the harsh desert environment. Despite the perception that deserts are composed of useless sand, most desert soil is naturally fertile because little water moves through the desert to carry away nutrients. Through the use of artificial irrigation, humans have managed to grow crops in desert environments. If this is not done carefully, it can lead to irreversible environmental damage when the meager water supply that is tapped for the irrigation process is depleted.

@@Forest
Extensive areas of land covered by a thick growth of trees and related ground vegetation are classified as forests. There are several different types of forest, determined primarily by climate and the type of vegetation they contain. Forests of some type exist on nearly every continent in the world. Forests are a valuable source of natural resources, providing wood for paper products, building, and other purposes. The harvesting of trees must be done carefully, however. If not done in moderation, lumbering can destroy the natural habitat for indigenous animal species, and destroy the ecology of the land. Government regulations limiting the amount of trees that can be cut, and requiring the lumber industry to plant new trees to replace what they have harvested, help to prevent major ecological damage as a result of deforestation.

@@Railbed 1

@@Grassland
The areas of land between desert regions and forests in temperate and tropical climates usually consist of grasslands. These fertile regions, covered with various types of vegetation, once occupied large areas of North and South America, Africa, and Eurasia. These areas are characterized by marked wet and dry seasons, with annual periods of drought. Although many grasslands are naturally occurring, grasslands can also be created through deforestation of woodland areas. Grasslands are often cultivated and used as pastures and grazing lands. Because of the relatively low rainfall in these regions, the topsoil is high in nutrients. Grasslands are, therefore, well suited for growing crops, especially grain crops.

@@Hills
Rolling areas of the countryside, often found between plains and more mountainous regions are known as hills, or foothills. These areas, often covered with rich soil and grasses or heavily forested, are rich in resources. Coal, iron, lead, copper, and even gold and silver may be found in these regions, making them profitable areas for the mining industry. In areas where the below-ground resources are scarce, hill areas are often cultivated for agricultural purposes. Certain crops such as coffee and grapes thrive in these regions, given the proper climate.

@@Railbed 2

@@Mountains
Mountains are areas of high elevation, usually consisting of a chain of rugged peaks and valleys. Most mountains are formed when the plates making up the Earth's crust impact or slide against one another, raising layers of rock above the surrounding land. Mountains can also be formed by volcanic action, or through the effects of erosion. Although generally poor agricultural regions, mountains are often a source of great mineral wealth, with large deposits of gold and other valuable ores. Aside from their economic value, mountains provide a natural defensive barrier, shielding human settlements from invaders. Extensive mountain ranges can also greatly affect the weather patterns of a region by blocking and diverting wind and storms.

@@Ocean
The oceans and seas of the world cover almost three-quarters of our planet. They are home to millions of life forms ranging from microscopic plankton to whales, the largest mammals in the world. The animals and plants that inhabit the sea provide an excellent source of food. For centuries, coastal and island cultures have thrived on the resources and easy access to trade provided by the sea. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, a combination of over-harvesting of marine animals and increased pollution have begun to threaten fragile coastal ecologies. Some species of marine life are seriously threatened. For example, the whaling industry, which thrived in the 19th and early 20th century, is responsible for hunting certain species of whales to near-extinction. Government regulations concerning the dumping of pollutants and the indiscriminate harvesting of marine life are constantly being updated in response to these growing problems.

@@Plains
Plains are vast, open tracts of land, usually with very few trees and covered with vegetation such as sage brush and various grasses. Plains are similar to grasslands, except that the topsoil is often not as well suited for growing food. Often, rich deposits of minerals are also found in plains regions. The indigenous plants of the plains makes them well suited for grazing. Large herds of buffalo and other animals can often be found roaming the area. With the proper irrigation, plains can be easily cultivated into adequate farmland for the production of grains and the raising of livestock.

@@River
Fed by natural springs, snow melt, and small tributary streams, rivers flow from mountains and other upland sources into larger rivers, lakes, and oceans. Rivers can be found in almost any terrain, from lush jungles and forests to arid desert regions. Since the dawn of civilization, towns and cities have grown up around rivers because the land in river valleys is usually very fertile, and well-suited for farming. In addition, the river provided easy and quick access between towns by boat for trade and travel. Water could be channeled from rivers via aqueducts to cities some distance from the river for the purposes of irrigation. Rivers are also good sources of mineral resources, and can provide power to run machinery and generate electricity.

@@Swamp
Swamps are wetlands which are largely uninhabitable by humans. These areas are usually flooded with water, ranging in depth from a few inches to several feet, due to heavy rainfall and overflow from nearby lakes and rivers. Although inhospitable for human life, swamps are teeming with both animal and plant life. Certain spices and useful substances such as peat, which is used as a fertilizer, can be found in abundance in certain swamp areas. Swampland is often drained, and converted into grassland and plains in order to make it more useful for resource and food production. However, environmental groups have been successful in slowing the destruction of wetlands, and setting up sanctuaries for the wildlife that inhabits these regions.

@@Tundra
In the far-northern regions of the world, and in isolated regions in the Antarctic, there are thousands of miles of barren plains known as tundra. These regions have an extremely low average temperature, and a very short summer season. The primary characteristic of the tundra is a layer of permanently frozen soil known as permafrost just below the topsoil layer, which prevents many plants from taking root and making agriculture all but impossible. Like deserts, the tundra receives little precipitation; however, the flat, frozen ground keeps groundwater from draining, forming bogs where various grasses, moss, and other simple vegetation can grow. Despite the harsh environment, a wide variety of animal life flourishes in the tundra, providing possible sources of food, and providing trade potential for the fur and trapping industry.

@@Buffalo
The plains areas of the world are inhabited by roaming herds of many different varieties of animals. These herd animals have been hunted, both for sport and for food and pelts, throughout history. Some of these animals can even be domesticated and used for farming and other purposes. One of the most widespread herd animals is the buffalo, various species of which are found throughout the world. Bison, commonly referred to as buffalo, were once the most dominant species of the North American plains. Bison were a valuable resource to native American tribes, who hunted the animals as a source of food and pelts. When European settlers began to expand to the west, the bison was hunted to the brink of extinction by thrill-seekers and sports hunters.

@@Coal
More than 300 million years ago, plant life growing in swamps began to decompose. Layers of sand and mud covered the decomposing plants, and the decaying plants were compressed by the combined weight of water and sediment. Over time, the plant matter hardened and became coal. Coal deposits are mined all over the world, and coal was one of the major fuel sources in the world through the 1970's. In many countries, concern over the environmental effects of the burning of coal has led to a decline in its use. The smoke produced by burning coal has a high acid content, and creates an environmental condition known as "acid rain", which is harmful to plant and animal life. Despite the environmental concerns, some of the largest coal mines in the U.S. each still produce more than 450,000 metric tons annually, making coal mining a very profitable industry.

@@Fish
Prevailing winds, ocean currents, and deep water trenches can often combine to produce conditions that are optimum for fishing. In areas such as the Pacific coast of Central and South America, offshore winds push the warm surface waters out to deeper waters. Underwater currents push cold, nutrient-rich water from deep below the surface back toward the coast. The high concentration of nutrients in this colder water, caused by decomposition of organic matter at extreme depths, creates an ideal environment for fish and other sea life. Civilizations with access to areas such as this can significantly increase their food supply by establishing a thriving fishing industry.

@@Fruit
The tropical environments that are so conducive to the growth of jungles also provide the perfect environment for growing certain fruits. Bananas, for example, originally native to the jungles of Southeast Asia, are an excellent, naturally occurring food crop. Many such fruits, including the banana, can be transplanted and grown in similar climates all over the world.

@@Furs
Throughout history, animal furs have been valuable commodities for trade and sale. Many different types of animals including minks, rabbits, and beavers have been captured by trappers for the purpose of obtaining their pelts for use in the making of clothing and other items. The exploration and colonization of the New World caused the fur industry to boom by making a variety of furs readily available. By the late 1800's, farms were set up specifically to raise animals for the fur industry. Starting in the 1970's, environmentalists and animal rights groups have lobbied to change public opinion concerning the harvesting and sale of furs. Despite these vocal groups, the fur industry remains profitable, if not as wide spread, in the world today.

@@Pheasant
Since ancient times, hunting of game animals has been important both for survival and for sport. Forested areas containing a large concentration of deer, elk, and smaller game were very valuable as a source of food for nearby settlements and cities. Though the widespread practice of farming domestic animals for food purposes has made hunting for sport much more common than hunting for food, certain animals such as geese, ducks, and deer are still frequently hunted and killed for food.

@@Musk Ox
Settlements in the sparse tundra regions of the arctic cannot raise crops and domestic animals for food due to the harsh conditions. They are, therefore, much more dependent on the hunting and trapping of local wildlife for food. The many species of birds and small game, as well as larger animals such as elk and caribou, provide a source of food in an environment that is otherwise barren and inhospitable.

@@Gems
Gemstones, treasured throughout time for their beauty and value, have always been a sought-after commodity. Most gemstones, such as diamonds, are mined in various areas throughout the world, most notably Africa. Some of the most notable gem deposits, however, have been found in archeological digs. The ruins of ancient civilizations in the jungles of Central and South America have sometimes been found to hide large quantities of precious and semi-precious gems, as well as gold and other items of value. The discovery of such a site can lead to an increase in trade in the areas surrounding the dig, as both professional and amateur treasure hunters swarm to the region to seek their fortune.

@@Gold
Gold has always been one of the most highly valued metals in the world. It is used in the manufacture of everything from jewelry to electronics, and has been established as the basis for monetary systems world wide. The factor that makes gold valuable is its rarity. Although gold can be found in many different areas, the most valuable deposits are large veins of gold ore running through mountains. When a large deposit is found, mining the deposit greatly boosts the economy in settlements and cities near the mine. An historical example of this phenomenon are the many towns that grew and prospered over a relatively short time during the California gold rush in America during the 1800's.

@@Iron
When early civilizations began to use metal to construct tools and weapons, the most commonly used metal was bronze. Bronze had the advantage of being readily available and easy to work with. Unfortunately, it was too soft to hold an effective edge. In the mid-14th century in central Europe, iron replaced bronze as the metal of choice, and the Iron Age was begun. Since this time, iron has been a valuable commodity. Deposits of iron and iron ore found in mountains are mined and processed for use in their raw form, and in the production of steel.

@@Ivory
Ivory, the hard substance of which elephant tusks are composed, is highly sought for the carving of ornamental objects. Most ivory is obtained from the tusks of African elephants, but other sources include the tusks of walruses and the fossilized tusks of prehistoric elephants and mammoths found in the northern glacial regions of the world. Although importation of ivory has been banned in many countries due to the fact that many of the species from which it is obtained are now endangered, the ivory trade was once a widespread and profitable venture.

@@Oasis
In rare instances, underground reservoirs or rivers beneath a desert may run near the surface, forming a lake in the middle of an otherwise barren region of land. The presence of water allows plants to grow, and may even attract animal life. An oasis makes it easier for human settlements to survive in desert climates by providing rich soil for the growing of food crops. Since they are so rare, oases are fiercely guarded by desert dwellers who are lucky enough to stumble across them.

@@Oil
Oil has been known to humans since ancient times. Oil deposits found on the surface were used for centuries for waterproofing and fuel purposes. But it was not until the coming of the Industrial Revolution that civilization began to form a dependence on petroleum products. The widespread use of oil for fuel, lubrication, and other purposes led to a search for larger supplies. In the mid 1800's, the first oil wells were drilled, marking the beginning of a tremendously important and profitable industry. Today, with the world's oil supplies dwindling and the demand for oil constantly rising, oil is a more valuable resource than ever.

@@Peat
Some bogs and swamps contain a brown organic material known as peat. Peat is made up of partially-decomposed plant matter, and has a high carbon content. Although dried peat is sometimes compressed and burned as fuel, the most valuable use for peat is as a fertilizer and mulch for farming and gardening. The high mineral content and its ability to retain moisture make peat well-suited to this purpose.

@@Silk
Silk has been a valuable commodity for textiles since its properties were discovered in the 27th century BC. Silk is obtained from the cocoon of the silkworm moth, which was originally native to the forests of China. The fine fibers of the cocoon is woven into cloth, which is used to make all types of clothing. Raw silk was obtained only from Asia until 550 AD, when two monks sent from the Roman Empire secretly stole silkworm eggs from China and brought them to Europe. Eventually, silkworms were found in many areas throughout the world. Less expensive synthetic fibers of the 20th century led to a decline in the silk market, but silk is still very popular in many types of clothing and other goods.

@@Spice
Certain types of plants have evolved in such a way that they produce mild toxins or repellents that make their odor or flavor distasteful to animals. Oddly enough, many of these plants were sought by humans because of these smells and tastes. A profitable spice trade was begun by merchants in the Middle East before 2000 BC. Spices are used now, as they were in the ancient world, to preserve food and enhance its flavor. Although spices are now commercially cultivated and prepared, most types can still be found in abundance in nature. Many of the most popular spices, such as cloves and nutmeg, are extracted from plants that grow in tropical or swampy regions of the world.

@@Whales
Whaling, the hunting and killing of whales for oil and other byproducts, was practiced as an organized industry as early as 875 AD. By the 16th century, it had risen to be the principle industry in the coastal regions of Spain and France. The industry spread throughout the world, and became increasingly profitable in terms of trade and resources. Some regions of the world's oceans, along the animals' migration routes, had a particularly dense whale population, and became the targets for large concentrations of whaling ships, and the industry continued to grow well into the 20th century. The depletion of some whale species to near extinction led to the banning of whaling in many countries by 1969, and to a worldwide cessation of whaling as an industry in the late 1980's.

@@Wheat
Wheat has been a staple crop for civilizations occupying temperate zones of the planet since pre-historic times. There is archeological evidence that bread wheat was cultivated in southern Turkestan as early as 6000 BC, though naturally occurring wheat was probably used for food purposes much earlier. Throughout the temperate zones, wheat has become the primary food crop. It is particularly well suited for growth in vast, open plains like those found in the central United States.

@@Wine
Wine, a beverage made from fermented grapes, was first produced as early as 6000 BC. Its use spread throughout the Middle East and Egypt, and it quickly became a popular beverage of the ancient world. The grapes used for the making of wine are grown in many different regions of the world. Most vineyards are located in hills and valleys of temperate regions. Wine making as an industry has been perfected over several centuries. Many regions such as the Rhine and Loire valleys of Europe are well known for their fine wines, and derive a significant portion of their economy from wine making.

@@Arctic
Every planet with a rotational axis near the plane of the ecliptic has polar caps, areas that receive less sunlight than the rest of the globe and which, therefore, never (or rarely) melt. The typical polar cap is a huge mass of ice and snow, but this ice is not necessarily frozen water. What freezes at the north and south poles depends on the chemical makeup of the planet. The Centauran temeprature range is similar to that of Earth, so the arctic here is made up of the familiar water ice. These polar regions have another trait in common with Earth's; they are inhospitable places, containing little life and virtually no resources.

@@Eternal Fog
Large areas of this world are covered with a strange, localized fog. Visible from orbit, these regions of pea-soup thick water vapor seem completely stable. This terrain is harmless in itself, but the limited visibility makes it difficult to move through safely. The enshrouding mists provide some cover from attack. Meteorologists studying the fog phenomenon suspect its cause is similar to the stable inversion layer over the Centauran oceans, but their analysis is not yet conclusive. The theory that this is another vestige of a long ago war fought with weapons technology beyond our current understanding has not been ruled out.

@@Grasses
On this world as on Earth, fertile areas with mild climate are often covered by forests. Where trees are absent, however, native grasses spread over vast regions. As on Earth, these areas are characterized by marked wet and dry seasons, with annual periods of drought. Though the Centauran flora is not toxic to humans, it offers less nutritional value than imported earth crops. Luckily, these grassy lands are easily cultivated and used as pastures and grazing lands for herd animals. Because of the relatively low rainfall in these regions, the topsoil is high in nutrients.

@@Misty Sea
Spectrographic analysis of the Centauran oceans have not yet revealed why they differ in color from those of the Earth. The accepted hypothesis at present is that these seas lack many of the tiny organisms that contribute to the coloring of Earth's oceans. Our meteorologists are quite busy at present, but when time allows, one of the questions they most want to study is the oddly stable inversion layer that covers the surface with a perpetual wispy mist. Despite the chemical and genetic differences, the animals and plants that inhabit the sea provide an excellent source of food proteins, and offshore mineral deposits can contribute to the industry in a city.

@@No-man's Land
If there is any lingering doubt that the Centaurans at one time engaged in terrible wars, these vast areas of desolation should dispel it. Not only are bomb craters the prevalent feature of this terrain, there are pitfalls awaiting even the most careful explorer. Areas where the surface has been opened to active lava flows abound, and some of the ancient war machines still exist. Whether they are active is not known. As you might expect, this terrain is useless for farming, but mining it often provides some benefit. Experience has shown that with the proper care, even these areas can be restored to life.

@@Red Sands
Even with all our advanced military technology standing behind them, our leading generals describe this terrain as frightening. The rolling, dark, red deserts devoid of life are clearly the after-effects of some horrible weapon or hyper-advanced technological catastrophe. These areas are not radioactive in the usual sense, but the ground is toxic in a way we do not yet fathom.

@@Scrubland
The soil in these regions is perfectly good for farming and cultivation, but for various reasons, the growth of trees and grasses is inhibited. Climate is to blame in some cases, soil chemistry or past abuse in others, but the result is always the same; tough scrub, hardy ground cover, and small animals are the predominant forms of life in these areas.

@@Wasteland
Though not as forbidding as some of the Centauran terrain, these wastelands are about as useless as arable land can be. Analysis of the soil chemistry suggests that at some time in the past, the land underwent a program of systematic pillage. This rapine can be undone, and we can restore this terrain to a useable state, but it will take time.

@@Woodlands
As was true of the pre-civilized Earth, extensive areas of Centauran land are covered thickly with old growth forests. Whether these are untouched, primeval lands or regions reforested and restored by an ecologically aware intelligent species has not yet been determined. Whichever turns out to be the case, these forests are every bit as beautiful and useful as those on Earth.

@@Fossils
The intentional destruction of the topsoil's potential to support life has weakened the ground layer. Over time, this allows the natural course of erosion to uncover buried remnants of ancient Centauran life. We can learn volumes from the study of these fossils, as we have by analysis of the petrified evidence of ancient life buried in the Earth.

@@Ruins
On Earth, most ruins are easily categorized; abandoned towns and temples share characteristics that a trained archaeologist can normally spot. Even there, for lack of cultural context, some ruins defy understanding. Imagine, then, the enigma presented by the abandoned structures of a completely alien culture. Our archaeologists are on cloud nine whenever they get the opportunity to study these close up.

@@Chatapi
The perennial Chatapi fruit is the single most common Centauran plant. Early in the growing season, a long, firm stalk sprouts quickly from the crowded leaves at the base. This serves to separate the vulnerable fruit-bearing end from the lower portions of the plant, which often succumb to infestation and mold before the end of the long Centauran summer. By mid-summer, the tomato-like berry is a bright red fruit the size of a human fist. Ripe Chatapi are a slightly darker red, and range in size from the aforementioned fist to that of a large watermelon. They are not unlike tomatoes in taste and texture, and thus are almost as adaptable to recipes. Speculation that this plant is the product of genetic engineering have been neither confirmed nor excluded by analysis of specimens.

@@Shoat Lizards
Discovered by the late Dr. Andreas Shoat, these mildly poisonous lizards settle in great nests of ten to a hundred individuals. When approached properly, the nest is not aroused, and a suitably careful team can harvest as much as twenty percent of a nest without threatening its survival (or theirs). In fact, regular harrowing of this sort seems to benefit the nest. After marination to detoxify the flesh, Shoat meat is safe and nutritious for human consumption. Tastes just like chicken...

@@Sandstorm
A side effect of the long term stability of the fog banks is that regions of instability--what most people would call storms--are restricted to their areas of origin, but can grow to immense size. They also prove to be just as stable as the fog itself. In these areas of permanent storm, the ground has been whipped clear of both plants and topsoil. The remaining dirt and sand is swept up into the air and kept there. What results is a sort of eternal sand storm--dangerous, but interesting.

@@Dead City
In widely disparate mountainous regions, there are unmistakable signs of an ancient Centauran civilization. These hastily abandoned cities are found all over the globe, and they all share a similar, if not identical, architectural style. These facts argue for the existence of a worldwide empire, but to date we have found no other traces of this civilization--unless you agree with the speculative theory that the widespread destruction of the Centauran landscape was the work of these beings. The reasons for the hurried evacuations--traces of food have been recovered from in bowls left on serving platforms--are also unknown.

@@Flame Stone
The Singer Flame Stones are not really stones at all; they're an odd fungal growth. Like some plants on Earth, these mushroom-like organisms propagate only with the help of fire. Unlike Earth organisms, these contain microorganisms that slowly generate methane gas, which the fungus stores up in small bladders. When enough methane has accumulated, the Flame Stone ignites the gas to produce its own flame. The heat activates the tiny fungal spores and the rising warmed air spreads them far and wide. The cold climate of the tundra on which the fungi seem to thrive only serves to heighten the effect of the heat-induced spore explosions.

@@Artifacts
As if the evidence elsewhere on the planet were not convincing, the clearly advanced and even more clearly inscrutable artifacts discovered near the poles are the final demonstration that there once was a Centauran civilization more technologically adept than any known species, including humans. Dating techniques developed for Earth use do not give accurate ages here, but they give us ranges adequate for confident estimates. The arctic machines have accrued more than seven millennia of damage caused by freezing. Even without this damage, our best engineers claim that any analysis of the proper function of these devices would be little more than guesswork.

@@Lava Pit
As on Earth, the deep regions beneath the Centauran crust are molten. In places scattered among the craters of the ancient war zones, the ferocity of that long forgotten combat weakened the surface rock to such a depth as to create open wounds in the surface of the planet. These are not natural volcanoes, but rather regions where high levels of radioactivity and other energies which we are just beginning to understand prevent the rock from cooling and stabilizing. The result is a permanent chasm filled with molten lava. These areas are good for little more than mining, and military units in these areas are at a disadvantage if attacked.

@@Anomaly
Whatever weapons saw use in the long-ago Centauran war, some of them were far beyond what is even theoretically possible based on what we know of the physical laws governing the universe. In the regions of Red Sands, there are areas that defy description. Put simply, any organism or recording device that passes near or even through an Anomaly has no memory of the event. Experiments with beams of light, particle beams, and other forms of energy have provided no data. It is as if these areas take up space, but do not exist--yet they are clearly visible from afar. Investigations into the properties of these enigmatic sites is continuing, but for now their only value is as tourist attractions.

@@Seabees
Until the first survey teams went out into the Centauran oceans, taxonomists believed that there were no vertebrate aquatic social organisms on this world. The discovery of the first three-member "hive" of the quickly named Sea Bees ditched any theory that discounted social organization in the higher vertebrates. These dog-sized, porpoise-like animals are born and live out their whole lives in tightly knit groups of three. When separated, the members of a pod become disoriented and refuse to eat or sleep. Behaviorists are studying this fascinating phenomenon as if it were a naturally evolved trait, but as is true of all Centauran organisms, we cannot rule out the possibility that these creatures were genetically engineered at some time in the distant past.

@@Monolith
Solitary, installed for reasons we can only guess at, these ancient stones have withstood whatever forces razed the land around them. Though the monoliths are battered, their regular outline clearly denotes an artificial origin. Whatever they are, they are not natural formations. Members of the landing crew started the informal visits that have since grown into a tourism industry. Nearly every human on the Centauran world has had a photo taken standing next to one of these stones.

@@Regiment Ivy
Biologists are studying this unusual plant to unravel the secret of its regularity. An entire field of regiment ivy consists of a single plant that pokes through the soil at regular intervals, in a geometric pattern. The tender orange leaves are a great source of food for both native and imported animals, including humans. Nature often results in patterns that seem artificial at first blush, but the speculation that this is a genetically engineered food crop organism cannot be dismissed.

@@Methane
Just as in the dense, moist forests of the southern regions of North America, decaying plant material can generate copious quantities of methane. When these miniature gas deposits escape from under their blanket of detritus, they can ignite. This causes the visible effect known of old as "will o' the wisp" and frequently ascribed supernatural properties.

@@Fulminium
In the drenching clouds of water vapor, electrical charges spread quickly and are damped out. Thus, lightning is rare in regions of eternal fog. However, by some mechanism we do not yet fully understand, areas of regular seismic activity combine with near-surface deposits of an anomalous mineral to produce areas of violent discharge. These electrical displays repeat at irregular intervals, but in predictable locations and strengths. Despite the inherent danger, the outbursts have a certain wild beauty, and tourism seems inevitable.

@@Transmetals
On Earth, the metallic elements in the transuranic "islands of stability" do not exist in nature. Each gram of these valuable and useful metals must be painstakingly produced in high-energy accelerators. The cost of production is enormous, and the slowing effect this rarity has on the progress of technology is staggering. Flying in the face of every rational theory of planetary formation and geological process, the Centauran mountains contain veins and lodes of these elements. As is true of many things on this new world, it is not clear whether this is actually a natural occurrence or was in fact produced artificially through advanced technology that we cannot yet comprehend.

@@Menhirs
Despite the uncanny similarity to the cromlechs produced by many early cultures on Earth, it would be folly to assume that these standing stones were erected for reasons humans can comprehend. As yet, we have discovered no celestial alignment, no regular pattern, no buried remains, and no carvings to suggest the purpose of these massive menhirs. The only thing that is certain is that they were, indeed, put in place by intelligent beings. If we could decipher these monuments, we might gain some insight or understanding of the forces that shaped the Centauran mindset. Tourism at these sites is on the rise.

@@Pebble Wash
At some time in the distant past, the Centauran world experienced climate fluctuations similar to the ice ages and interstitial warm periods that the Earth went through. Some areas within the arctic and antarctic circles show clear evidence of this in the form of the misnamed "pebble washes" found near the edges of both polar land masses. When glaciers retreated from these areas, they scoured out long depressions in the soil. As they melted, they also dropped scattered debris, including stones ranging in size from pebbles to house-high boulders. Seen from orbit, as these areas were on the initial census of the planet, the scale of the boulders and shallow canyons was not evident, thus the "pebbles" in the name.

@@War Machine
Whatever past war devastated the Centauran landscape, it has left many relics behind. Perhaps the most fascinating are the advanced, self-sustained and controlled weapons systems. These awesome devices seem not to be designed as offensive weapons, but beware of attacking any unit stationed near one of these. In combat situations, the war machine becomes active in defense of its territory, and any defending unit in the same area reaps the benefit. Our weapons engineers, through an expensive process of trial and error (during which we lost more than a few engineers) have managed to find ways of partially dismantling the machines to provide raw materials for production. However, to date this has proven to in no way reduce the effectiveness of the device.

@@Bioplasm
Scientists are baffled as to whether these massive, immobile heaps of living matter are unknown biological weapons or the end result of the use of such weapons. Perhaps they are simply the waste dumps left over after centuries of genetic and biological experimentation. Whatever their origin, these seething masses can provide some food if a city is desperate enough to harvest the outlying edges. Bioplasm is dangerous, and thus movement through the bio-zones is slow. The organisms are not choosy about their victims, however, and in a combat situation provide no advantage to either defenders or attackers.

@@Sargasso
Mariners in the time of wooden sailing ships spread stories of a vast floating forest of kelp and seaweed somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean. This "Sargasso Sea" was blamed for countless lost ships, and it became legendary. The tangled green islands of biomass in the Centauran oceans share more characteristics with the kelp forests off the western coast of North America than with this legendary threat to shipping, but they pose a similar danger to inattentive captains. It is as a supplement to the food supply in any region where they are found that these seemingly inexhaustible, fast growing plants have made their mark.

@GOVERNMENT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the GOVERN.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Fundamentalism will be the 5th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@GOVERNMENT_INDEX
0,			; Anarchy
1,			; Despotism
5,			; Monarchy
2,			; Communism
4,			; Fundamentalism
6,			; Republic
3,			; Democracy
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Anarchy
Anarchy represents not so much a government type as the lack of any stable government. Anarchy occurs when your civilization's government falls, or when you decide to have a Revolution. After a few turns of Anarchy, you can rebuild a new government. Anarchy is similar to Despotism, except that the corruption rate is VERY HIGH. However, no taxes are collected during a period of Anarchy, and no scientific research is conducted.

@@Despotism
In a Despotism, the ruler has absolute control over his or her subjects, and this control is usually enforced by the military. This system has a tendency to minimize individual freedom, and reduce the efficiency of production efforts. 

* Each unit above the city size costs one Shield per turn.
* Settlers eat one Food per turn.

Up to three military units in each city institute "martial law". Each of these units makes one unhappy citizen content.

Despotism has a high rate of corruption and waste. The farther a city is from your capital, the higher its level of corruption.

* Under a Despotism, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 60%.
* Any terrain square that ordinarily produces three or more of any resource (Food, Shields, or Trade) produces one less.
* Because of Despotism's high rate of corruption, it is almost always an inferior form of government. Try to switch to a Monarchy as soon as possible.

@@Communism
A Communist government is ruled by a controlling party, with a single person, known as a chairman, acting as the head of state. In a true Communist system, all property is owned collectively by the people, and labor is organized to be equally advantageous to all people. This ideal has never truly been realized, however, and the "Communist" governments of the world are usually much different.

* Each unit beyond the third unit costs one Shield per turn.
* Settlers eat two Food per turn.

Up to three military units in each city institute "martial law". Each of these units makes two unhappy citizens content.

Under Communism, state control of the economy eliminates organized crime. Your cities, therefore, experience no corruption.

* All Spy units produced under Communist governments are Veterans.
* Under Communism, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 80%. 

* Communism is best for large, far-flung empires that need to maintain a large military.
* Use your powerful Spies to steal technology from the capitalist pigs!

@@Democracy
A Democracy is ruled by a president elected by the people. The rulings of the president are subject to review by the Senate, a group of elected representatives who serve the best interests of the citizens. Democracy allows its citizens a higher degree of personal freedom and involvement than any other form of government.

* Each unit costs one shield per turn.
* Settlers eat two Food per turn.

Each unit that is not in a friendly city (or in a Fortress within three squares of a friendly city) causes two citizens in its home city to become unhappy.

Democracies experience no corruption or waste.

* Tax/Luxury/Science rates can be set to any level desired.
* Under a Democracy, each square that ordinarily produces at least one unit of Trade produces an extra unit of Trade.
* The units and cities of a Democracy are immune to bribery in any form.
* Your senate may force a peaceful solution in a conflict.

* Democracies can produce spectacular amounts of revenue and scientific research. However, because of the severe happiness restrictions on military units, this form of government tends to be viable only for large, advanced civilizations.
* Increasing your Luxury rate and building Improvements and Wonders can help alleviate unhappiness.

@@Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism is a form of government organized around a central set of beliefs. These beliefs, usually religious in nature, form a rigid guideline for the actions and reactions of both the ruler and the people. In a Fundamentalist society, the people and the rulers are entirely devoted to their beliefs, and are usually willing to die to preserve them.

* Each unit beyond the eighth unit costs one Shield per turn (except Fanatics, which never require maintenance).
* Settlers eat two Food per turn.

Under Fundamentalism, no citizen is ever unhappy!

Fundamentalism has a very low rate of corruption.

* Under Fundamentalism, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 80%.
* Under Fundamentalism, all Science production is HALVED.
* Improvements that normally convert unhappy citizens to content citizens produce "tithes" (money) equivalent to the number of people they would normally convert, and require no maintenance.
* The diplomatic penalties for terrorist acts committed by Diplomats and Spies is reduced.

* Fundamentalism eliminates all happiness problems and provides excellent revenue, although research tends to languish.

@@Monarchy
A Monarchy is ruled by a single person, known as a monarch. The monarch's rule is less absolute than that of a despot, and he or she usually has the acceptance of at least the upper-class. The aristocrats under this system of government have some economic freedom, allowing the civilization to be more productive. 

* Each unit beyond the third unit costs one Shield per turn.
* Settlers eat one Food per turn.

Up to three military units in each city institute "martial law". Each of these units makes one unhappy citizen content.

Monarchy has a moderate rate of corruption and waste. The farther a city is from your capital, the higher its level of corruption.

* Under a Monarchy, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 70%.

* Monarchy is an excellent form of government for a young civilization.

@@Republic
A Republic is an assembly of autonomous city-states under the control of a central government. Although the central government has the ultimate say in matters that affect the society as a whole, the city-states are given a certain amount of latitude in the governing of local affairs. Decisions are made by the ruler, but are subject to review by a group of officials known as the Senate.

* Each unit costs one shield per turn.
* Settlers eat two Food per turn.

Each unit beyond the first unit that is not in a friendly city (or in a Fortress within three squares of a friendly city) causes one citizen in its home city to become unhappy.

Republics experience a low rate of corruption and waste. The farther a city is from your capital, the higher its level of corruption.

* Under a Republic, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 80%.
* Your senate may force a peaceful solution in a conflict.

* Switching to a Republic can give an astounding boost to your Science and Luxury revenues, although you will probably be forced to shift some Trade to Luxuries in order to prevent unhappiness.
* Republics make it difficult and expensive to keep a sizable army in the field, but building certain Improvements and Wonders can help to alleviate this problem.

@CONCEPT_DESCRIPTIONS
;

@@Lenin

@@Kolchak

@@Trotsky

@@Stalin

@@Dzerzensky

@@Yudenich

@@Denikin

@@Wrangel

@@Pilsudski

@@Mannerheim

@@Wilhelm II

@@Lloyd-George

@@Yoshito

@@Mahkno

@@Liebkneckt and Luxumburg

;@@Pillage

;@@Pollution

;@@Railroads

;@@Roads

;@@Science

;@@Sentry

;@@Shields

;@@Specialists

;@@Taxes

;@@Trade

;@@Trade Routes

;@@Transforming Terrain

;@@Unhappiness Due to Cities

;@@Veteran Units


@This must be here to terminate search!!!